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Injuries in Children
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
The initial injury gives rise to primary damage such as diffuse axonal injury and cortical contusions. This is largely dependent on the forces and type of injury involved. Primary damage is best modified by prevention through public health, accident prevention and legal measures, including compulsory use of rear seat belts, cycle helmets, playground design and ‘at-risk’ registers for the most vulnerable children. Secondary brain injury occurs after the initial trauma and may be a result of intracranial features such as haematoma, brain swelling or oedema or extracranial features such as hypoxia, hypoventilation, hypotension, hypoglycaemia, hypothermia, raised intracranial pressure from poorly fitting cervical spine collars or seizures. The common feature of secondary brain injury, no matter what the aetiology, is a decrease in the delivery of oxygen and nutrients below that required for optimal neuronal function and which may be prevented by meticulous attention to the details of the primary and secondary survey.
Introduction and research methods
Published in Alan Hall, The Subjectivities and Politics of Occupational Risk, 2020
Less than coincidently, these prescriptions jived nicely with emerging Taylorist or scientific management (SM) approaches which were grounded in the imposition of strict procedural requirements, standards and control technologies as the means to greater productivity (Braverman, 1974; Taksa, 2009). Consistent with a key premise in SM was the SF idea that injuries, like low productivity, were caused by too much worker control and autonomy. While an SM approach to engineering involved the introduction of new machinery and/or altered labour processes, the emerging disciplines of industrial engineering and SF management largely took as given that these changes would simultaneously improve productivity and safety to the extent they directly limited worker control – that is as long as workers were properly trained and conditioned to follow management directions (Dwyer, 1992). As such, accident prevention within the SF movement was often defined principally by management efforts to control the individual “habits” of workers through training, reward systems, close supervision and disciplinary actions. It was in this context of heightened responsibilization of workers that we start to see concepts such as “accident proneness” and “operator error” gaining popularity among managers and engineers to explain the persistence of workplace injuries in the modern industrial workplace (Burnham, 2009; Crawford, 1977; Greenwood and Woods, 1919; Rawson, 1944; Sass and Grook, 1981).
Risk and Patient Safety for the Legal Nurse Consultant
Published in Julie Dickinson, Anne Meyer, Karen J. Huff, Deborah A. Wipf, Elizabeth K. Zorn, Kathy G. Ferrell, Lisa Mancuso, Marjorie Berg Pugatch, Joanne Walker, Karen Wilkinson, Legal Nurse Consulting Principles and Practices, 2019
Bruce Edens, Andree Neddermeyer
Similarly, prior success in improving patient outcomes through rigorous analysis prompted the hope that institution of scientifically proven best practices might provide a pathway for improvement. A variety of strategies first developed for accident reduction in industrial settings were proposed and adapted for healthcare organizations. Over time and in concert with background research in industrial accident prevention and human error, strategies using the same industrial scientific methods were developed for deployment in healthcare settings to reduce patient harm.
Impact analysis of behavior of front-line managers on employee safety behavior by integrating interpretive structural modeling and Bayesian network
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Su-Xia Liu, Hua-Zhong Chen, Qiang Mei, Ying Zhou, Nkrumah Nana Kwame Edmund
Employee safety behavior is the foundation of enterprise work safety and a measure of sustainable development of enterprises. However, production safety accidents occur frequently, which seriously affect the economy and personal health of the workforce. Many accident prevention case studies show that the unsafe behavior of workers or an unsafe environment is the direct cause of accidents in an enterprise; however, the root cause of these accidents is typically the workplace deviations of the managers and accident prevention staff of the enterprise [1–3]. Andriessen [4] argues that managers are a decisive factor in ensuring worker safety behavior. Therefore, proper management and guidance of workers can significantly reduce safety accidents. Front-line managers (FLMs), as mediators between senior management and employees, play a vital role in the safety behavior of employees. Direct management by FLMs is more impactful than the views of senior management on safety [5].
Investigating barriers to accident precursor reporting in East Azerbaijan Province Gas Company from the perspective of HSE officers: a qualitative study
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Rasoul Ahmadpour-Geshlagi, Neda Gilani, Saber Azami-Aghdash, Mostafa Javanmardi, Seyed Shamsaledin Alizadeh, Saeid Jalilpour
Today, along with the development of various industries, safety systems have improved a lot. But there are still accidents in various industries such as aerospace, oil and gas, mines, etc. These accidents can be caused by a variety of reasons, including personal reasons (such as fatigue, stress, lack of adequate training, lack of experience and insufficient communication) or organizational reasons (such as insufficient time, poor equipment design, poor management and poor safety culture) [1]. By introducing the iceberg theory and the famous ratio of 300, 29, 1, Heinrich first introduced the near-miss concept among safety researchers [2]. His study showed that incidents, which in many cases do not lead to accidents, have the same causes as accidents. Dekker in 2005 [3] introduced a concept called drift into failure. In this concept, the accident is at the end of a drift, which occurs as a result of a series of events. In his study, he claims that no accident occurs due to immediate action. In some studies, a positive relationship has been reported between reporting and safety improvement [4]. In general, it can be argued that examining incidents that do not lead to an accident and providing corrective action can be very effective in preventing the accident [2,4]. This correction and prevention is more important when it happens before the accident. Considering this point, safety researchers encourage use of active methods in accident prevention in various industries.
Occupational health and safety practice in infrastructure projects
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
S. A. Alhammadi, Bassam A. Tayeh, Wesam Salah Alaloul, Amro Fareed Jouda
Occupational health and safety requires regular follow-up of unsafe procedures and effective steps to eliminate risks promptly [22–24]. Various unsafe behaviours can lead to accidents, e.g., poorly designed equipment or operations, poor systems and poor working conditions, which can be avoided. Companies fail to provide a safe and comfortable work environment, while workers use equipment and facilities in an unsafe and wrong manner in some cases. These practices impact workers’ performance and company productivity [25]. Engineers and safety professionals know that controlling unsafe behaviours is one of the keys to accident prevention and a major reason for reducing most workplace hazards. However, many companies, especially those with low rates, have been frustrated by their inability to control unsafe work conditions [26]. The procedures and methods used by company management to reduce injuries and to apply occupational health and safety in the best way possible concentrate primarily on worker safety. Policies and activities must be a primary aim to prevent accidents and risks [27,28]. Safety hazards in infrastructure projects are many, which can lead to serious injuries related to workers and staff alike. Therefore, the management of the hazards of these actions is necessary to first prevent and then mitigate the caused damages [29].