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Design, Development, Manufacturing, and Testing of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Tapash K. Ghosh, Dermal Drug Delivery, 2020
Timothy A. Peterson, Steven M. Wick, Chan Ko
Long-term occlusion is a factor that may contribute to skin irritation (Hurkmanns et al. 1985, Zhai and Maibach 2001). Occlusion may also contribute to increased growth of microorganisms on the skin surface (Kligman and Epstein 1975, Leow and Maibach 1997), which on rare occasions can lead to superficial infections and the development of pustules beneath the patch site. If there is a strong thermal stimulus for sweating, miliaria (prickly heat) may develop if the occlusion continues over a prolonged period (Leyden and Grove 1987). These effects are typically a rarity, and generally only occur after prolonged applications.
Role of Bacteria in Dermatological Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Thirukannamangai Krishnan Swetha, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
Despite the aforesaid beneficiary roles of S. epidermidis, it has been identified as opportunistic pathogen during past two decades predominantly affecting drug abusers and individuals who are immunocompromised. S. epidermidis is reported to be encountered less frequently in abscesses, cellulitis, and several wound infections (Cogen et al., 2008). It is also reported to elicit the severity of miliaria (prickly heat), a skin ailment frequently witnessed in profusely sweating individuals and neonates with undeveloped sweat glands. Miliaria occurs as a result of occlusion of sweat glands by periodic acid sciff (PAS) positive extracellular polysaccharide substance produced by S. epidermidis (Mowad et al., 1995).
The Histopathology of Eczema
Published in Donald Rudikoff, Steven R. Cohen, Noah Scheinfeld, Atopic Dermatitis and Eczematous Disorders, 2014
Cynthia M. Magro, A. Neil Crowson, Molly E. Dyrsen, Martin C. Mihm
In the setting of miliaria crystalline, the clinical concomitant is that of 1- to 2-mm vesicles filled with clear fluid and unaccompanied by erythema; these are asymptomatic lesions that occur typically on the trunk (Arpey et al. 1992). Miliaria rubra or prickly heat rash produces 1- to 2-mm erythematous papules and vesicles on the trunk and groin associated with a prickly sensation. The pathophysiology may involve production of toxins by coagulase-negative staphylococci which damage the ductal epithelium (Mowad et al. 1995).
Paraviral cutaneous manifestations associated to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Luisa Zupin, Chiara Moltrasio, Paola Maura Tricarico, Cecilia Del Vecchio, Francesco Fontana, Angelo Valerio Marzano, Sergio Crovella
Recent reports indicate skin manifestations after infection with the Omicron strain, that can persist for several days; unlike what it has been observed with the other variants where six main COVID-19–related cutaneous phenotypes have been described [10], Omicron-related skin manifestations seem to mainly include two types of skin rash: urticarial rash and prickly heat rash. Urticarial rash has been reported as a precocious clinical finding among adult COVID-19 patients [11], as well as in children [12]; skin lesions often appeared before the systemic symptoms while other ones in concomitant with these [13]. In the largest case series available in the literature [10,14,15], the clinical features were defined as urticarial but the duration of individual lesions (i.e. more or less than 24 h) was not clearly defined. In the study by Marzano et al. [10], urticarial eruptions were defined as urticarial – more than 24 h in duration – in agreement with the classical definition [16]. Prickly heat rash, also known as miliaria, is a common skin eruption, that tends to be most found on elbows, knees and the backs of hands and feet, and is caused by a backflow of eccrine sweat into the dermis or epidermis; this backflow results in an itchy rash manifesting as sweat-filled vesicles (miliaria cristallina) or small erythematous papules (miliaria rubra); the eruption was reported as usually self-limited [17].
Use of the heat tolerance test to assess recovery from exertional heat stroke
Published in Temperature, 2019
Katherine M. Mitchell, Samuel N. Cheuvront, Michelle A. King, Thomas A. Mayer, Lisa R. Leon, Robert W. Kenefick
The combination of increased metabolic heat production and exposure to hot environmental conditions increases susceptibility to exertional heat illness. There can be confusion regarding the relationship among the categories of heat illnesses (exhaustion, injury, and stroke). It is important to understand that one illness does not “progress” into the next (Figure 1). However, within each category of illness, there is a spectrum of severity which can contribute to difficulty in diagnosis because signs and symptoms of each illness can overlap. True forms of heat illness include heat exhaustion, heat injury, and heat stroke. Less severe conditions, such as miliaria rubra (heat rash) and heat syncope are often inappropriately grouped with other heat related illnesses because of their tendency to occur in warm environments. Heat exhaustion is generally thought of as a moderate form of heat illness in which elevated body temperature and reduced organ perfusion result in fatigue. Organ damage and central nervous system dysfunction with heat exhaustion are absent or extremely mild and recovery occurs rapidly with the cessation of heat stress. Exertional heat injury is a more severe form of heat illness that presents with reversible organ damage. The most severe, and potentially lethal, form of heat injury is heat stroke, which is characterized by profound central nervous system dysfunction in combination with severe hyperthermia and often with end organ damage.
The increasing relevance of biofilms in common dermatological conditions
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
G. Kravvas, D. Veitch, F. Al-Niaimi
Biofilms have also been linked to the pathogenesis of miliaria by causing blockage of sweat glands through mechanical obstruction. Mowad et al. inoculated various biofilm-forming strains of staphylococci on the forearms of subjects under occlusion and observed the development of miliaria, whereas non-biofilm-forming strains of staphylococcus did not induce such a reaction (60).