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Antifungal management in risk groups: Solid organ transplant recipients
Published in Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect, Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Jasmine Chung, Sylvia F. Costa, Barbara D. Alexander
Diabetes mellitus is frequently encountered following transplantation, often the consequence of steroid use. Poorly controlled diabetes is a well-described risk factor for the development of zygomycosis in the SOT population, and hyperglycemia requiring insulin therapy has been associated with candidemia in liver transplant recipients [41,98,99]. Aggressive control of blood sugars is mandatory for these patients.
Liposomal Amphotericin B
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Nenad Macesic, Neil R. H. Stone, John R. Wingard
Mucormycosis, previously known as zygomycosis, is most commonly caused by Rhizopus spp, and is characterized by its rapid and often fatal course. It is mostly found in patients with profound immunosuppression or in diabetic patients in ketoacidosis.
Fungal infections in lung transplantation
Published in Wickii T. Vigneswaran, Edward R. Garrity, John A. Odell, LUNG Transplantation, 2016
Zygomycosis (previously called mucormycosis) is a rare but very aggressive infection. The class Zygomycetes encompasses more than 20 genera, including the following medically important genera: Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Mucor, Cunninghamella, and Lichtheimia (previously classified as Absidia). Zygomycosis accounts for 2.1% of cases of mold infection in lung transplant recipients and occurs with a median time of onset of 26 months after transplantation.3 Risk factors for zygomycosis include diabetes, renal failure, malnutrition, iron overload, corticosteroids use, previous rejection, use of thymoglobulin, extremes of age, and prophylaxis with voriconazole or caspofungin (which are not active against these fungi).80
Mucormycosis medications: a patent review
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2021
Mohd. Imran, Alshrari A.S., Mohammad Tauseef, Shah Alam Khan, Shuaibu Abdullahi Hudu
Mucormycosis (phycomycosis or zygomycosis) is a noninfectious fungal disease caused by different genera of zygomycetes. The mucormycosis term is widely used because members of the Mucoraceae family cause most of these infections [1]. The Mucoraceae family members are present worldwide and are known to start the decay of organic materials [2]. Rhizopus arrhizus is the most common cause of mucormycosis in humans. Other fungi reported causing mucormycosis to include Mucor sp., Saksenaea sp., Absidia sp., Entomophthora sp., Basidiobolus sp., Conidiobolus sp., Apophysomyces elegans, Cunninghamella bertholletiae, and Rhizomucor pusillus [1,3]. This uncommon infection occurs when a healthy individual’s mouth, nose, eyes, cracked skin and wound come in direct contact with contaminated soil or water. After the illness, the fungi rapidly multiply at the blood vessel walls and stop the tissue/organ’s blood supply. This results in tissue destruction, and if not treated on time, leads to infection of the different parts of the body, followed by death [1–4]. This illness is also termed as ‘Black Death’ and ‘Zombie disease’ in layman’s language. However, these terms are not be used by a responsible individual to avoid misunderstanding between the patient and the public [5].
Mucormycosis experience through the eyes of the laboratory
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Pınar Sağıroğlu, Ayşe Nedret Koç, Mustafa Altay Atalay, Gülşen Altinkanat Gelmez, Özlem Canöz, Fatma Mutlu Sarıgüzel
Mucormycosis (formerly called zygomycosis) is a rare but emerging worldwide and life-threatening infections. These aggressive and mortal infections typically affect immunocompromised hosts, especially transplant recipients, those with haematological malignancies, and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus patients (in the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis) [1,2]. In addition, neutropenia, iron overload and deferoxamine therapy, voriconazole prophylaxis, long-term corticosteroid use and skin trauma (cuts, abrasions, punctures or burns) are risk factors for mucormycosis [2]. Diabetes mellitus is the most common risk factor in the Asian continent, whereas haematological malignancies and transplantation predominate in European countries and the United States. The true incidence of mucormycosis is unknown. In most European countries the population-based prevalence is <0.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants. In Asia much higher prevalence data have been reported, in India and Pakistan as high as 14 cases/100,000 inhabitants [3].
Part 1: Mucormycosis: prevalence, risk factors, clinical features, and diagnosis
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Joseph P. Lynch, Michael C. Fishbein, Fereidoun Abtin, George G. Zhanel
The incidence/prevalence of MCR in individual countries and worldwide is difficult to assess since MCR is not reportable, establishing a firm diagnosis is often difficult, and many gaps in data exist. In developed or high-income countries, nearly all cases of MCR occur in immunocompromised individuals or those with specific risk factors [16,23]. In developing or low-income countries, the most common risk factors are DM, use of CS, and malnutrition [5,17,60,61]. A survey in the USA from 2006 to 2014 identified 3,374 invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in 3,154 subjects [82]. Mucorales were implicated in 1.1% of these IFIs (mean incidence 0.3 cases per 100,000 per year) [82]. In Europe, 230 cases of ‘Zygomycosis’ from 13 countries were reported by the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) during 2005 to 2007 [11]. In France, the National Hospital Discharge database identified 35,876 IFIs from 2001 to 2010; only 1.5% of IFIs were due to MCR [83]. In a single center in Spain, 19 cases of MCR were diagnosed from 2007 to 2015 (incidence 3.2 per 100,000) compared to 1.2 cases per 100,000 from 1988 to 2006 [84]. Although MCR remains rare, the incidence has increased globally over the past three decades, with variable but slight increases in some centers and populations in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, and the USA with a dramatic increase in India since the onset of COVID-19 [7,49,71,85–90]. However, even prior to COVID, the incidence of MCR in India was high [5]. It is presently unclear why the incidence of MCR is increasing globally but may in part relate to greater number of immunocompromised patients. In mainland China, 390 cases of MCR were reported over two decades (January 2001 to July 2020) [91]. The incidence among specific geographic locales is reviewed in detail elsewhere [16].