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Metabolic, Degenerative, and Unclassified Conditions Associated With Interstitial Lung Disease
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Lung biopsy specimens show diffuse interstitial fibrosis in the alveolar septae and peribronchial fibrosis. Ceroid-like material fill alveolar macrophages. Collagen and elastic fibers are seen within the fibrous tissue that almost completely replace the parenchyma. There is no evidence of increased macrophage number in the interstitium. The ceroid-like material stain positively with periodic acid-Schiff stain and weakly-positive with Ziehl-Neilsen acid-fast stain. Fontana’s stain for melanin is positive. Intense orange fluorescence of the finely divided brown pigment within the alveolar macrophages is appreciated with ultraviolet illumination. Electron microscopy shows the macrophages to contain a mixture of amorphous particulate debris (ceroid-like material) and lipid-filled vacuoles of varying sizes. No membrane enclose the pigment. Fine vacuolization is often observed in the pigment and is most prominent in bone marrow, liver, spleen, lung, and oral epithelium, with the gut and kidney showing less vacuolization. Pulmonary fibrosis is common and usually severe.
Malignant tumors
Published in Archana Singal, Shekhar Neema, Piyush Kumar, Nail Disorders, 2019
Bowen’s disease is a classical in situ carcinoma or intraepithelial neoplasia grade IV. Around the nail, it shows an acanthotic thickening of the epidermis that lacks an orderly architecture in its entire thickness. Papillomatosis and hyperkeratosis are common. There is crowding and loss of polarity of the basal cells large and pleomorphic, often hyperchromatic nuclei. Some cells have more clumped nuclei, and all stages of mitoses including many pathologic ones are seen in all layers. Dyskeratoses and necrotic keratinocytes in mitosis are a frequent finding; dyskeratosis may be the only sign in some areas. In many cases, perinuclear vacuolization is seen suggesting a viral cause. Subungual Bowen’s disease is similar but its hyperkeratosis is much less pronounced. When the nail is clipped with the nail bed keratosis it contains dyskeratoses and some large nuclei allowing the diagnosis of Bowen’s diseases to be suspected. Clear-cell Bowen’s disease has been described, both with large round Paget-like and trichilemmal sheath-like cells.17 Bowen’s disease of the matrix results in inclusion of dyskeratotic cells into the nail plate clinically appearing as leukonychia. Pigmented Bowen’s disease is due to dendritic melanocytes populating the lesion. Immunohistochemistry for HPV and PCR are positive in HPV-related Bowen’s disease.2
Embryology of the Gallbladder
Published in Jon W. Meilstrup, Imaging Atlas, 2018
Abraham H. Dachman, Carson Schneck
In week 12, when the gallbladder becomes hollow by vacuolization, incomplete vacuolization may result in a septation within the gallbladder. If complete septation exists, this represents a true duplication of the gallbladder. In fact, varying degrees of duplication of the gallbladder may occur. An external duplication may involve only the fundus or a varying amount of the body to the level of the neck (Figure 3A to C). A mild form of duplication may involve internal longitudinal septation, which completely separates the gallbladder into two chambers but without external evidence of duplication3,10,11 (Figure 3A). Partial duplications are formed by a single gallbladder-cystic duct bud, which bifurcates at some point after it begins to grow. This may result in partial duplication of the cystic duct along its course, yet a single cystic duct may open into the common bile duct (Figure 3D). Complete duplications involving both the gallbladder and the cystic duct, with two complete cystic duct openings into the biliary system, may also exist. In this case, the two gallbladders commonly lie side by side and the cystic ducts may join the common hepatic or right hepatic duct (Figure 3E). Rarely, the dual gallbladders may lie on opposite sides of the common hepatic duct in which case the left-sided gallbladder may have its cystic duct opening into the left hepatic duct (Figure 3F). A complete duplication of both gallbladder and cystic duct implies that 2 gallbladder-cystic duct outpouchings developed in the 5-week embryo.
Possible radioprotection of submandibular glands in gamma-irradiated rats using kaempferol: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Salwa Farid Ahmed, Noura Mohammed Bakr, Nora Abdelgawad, Dina W. Bashir
In contrast, in group R1, the SMGs showed focal loss of the normal gland architecture characterized by atrophy and degeneration in specific areas compared with those in group K. The secretory acini showed a reduction in size with inter-acinar spaces. The acinar cells had deeply basophilic nuclei (pyknotic and hyperchromatic), and some variability in their size was observed in some cells. Moreover, they revealed progressive vacuolization with variably sized vacuoles. Striated ducts showed signs of degeneration and appeared shrunken with sloughing of their epithelial lining into the lumina with empty spaces around them and loss of normal arrangement. Some ductal cells showed nuclear hyperchromatism and pleomorphism. Some blood vessels around the ducts illustrated many areas of extravasation (Figure 2(C)).
Association between statins’ exposure with incidence and prognosis of gastric cancer: an updated meta‐analysis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Dandi Lou, Rongrong Fu, Lihu Gu, Hui Su, like Guan
Furthermore, VacA internalization was a necessary step in cell vacuolization. As VacA internalization decreased in a cholesterol-deficient environment, so did cytotoxicity and its ability to induce carcinogenesis [44]. Hence, statins could inhibit Helicobacter pylori virulence factor action by lowering cholesterol levels, thereby reducing the risk of GC, which was closely associated with Helicobacter pylori. Last but not least, statins also exerted a cholesterol-independent pleiotropic effect in GC. Statins could increase nitric oxide (NO) production and bioavailability by upregulating endothelial NO synthase’s expression and activity and attenuating the elimination of NO by reactive oxygen species [43]. The anticancer properties were reported to be mediated by the action of endothelial NO signaling pathway, which was derived from the induction of cancer cells death through triggering the apoptotic pathway and anticancer cells proliferation effects [45]. As such, the anti-GC potential of statins still needed to be explored and proven in clinical practice. Therefore, this meta-analysis included 17 clinical studies to examine the association of statins’ exposure with GC incidence and survival rate.
Periodontal tissues are targets for Sars-Cov-2: a post-mortem study
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Bruno Fernandes Matuck, Marisa Dolhnikoff, Gilvan V. A. Maia, Daniel Isaac Sendyk, Amanda Zarpellon, Sara Costa Gomes, Amaro Nunes Duarte-Neto, João Renato Rebello Pinho, Michele Soares Gomes-Gouvêa, Suzana C.O. M. Sousa, Thais Mauad, Paulo Hilário do Nascimento Saldiva, Paulo H. Braz-Silva, Luiz Fernando Ferraz da Silva
We present the molecular and histopathological features observed in seven autopsies of COVID-19 patients in Brazil, five periodontal tissues from deceased patients were positive. Of the two negative patients, one was an 8 years old boy. The pathological aspects of COVID-19 in children are still unclear, the disease seems to take a mild course. One of the explanations is related to the differences in ACE2 receptor expression in children [23], that can corroborate with the absence of viral genome in periodontal tissue. The presence of vacuolization may be related to complication during the hospitalization time. The other patient had thewoman with the longest time between the first symptoms and death, the long-term hospitalization time could make possible a clarification of the virus present in the periodontal cells of the host.