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Chronic erythematous rash on the face
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
An uncommon infection due to animal ringworm (usually Trichophyton verrucosum from calves). It usually occurs in farm workers. A confluent boggy swelling is studded with multiple pustules. The hairs come out easily and can be examined for fungi. Secondary infection with staphylococci can produce a misleading positive bacterial culture.
Aetiology and Laboratory Diagnosis
Published in Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis, Fungal Infections of the Skin, Hair and Nails, 2020
Raimo E Suhonen, Rodney P R Dawber, David H Ellis
Trichophyton verrucosum is a zoophilic fungus causing ringworm in cattle (Figure 1.10(a) and (b)). Infections in humans result from direct contact with cattle or infected fomites and are usually highly inflammatory involving the scalp, beard or exposed, mainly hairy, areas of the body. Invaded hairs show an ectothrix infection, and fluorescence under Wood’s ultraviolet light has been noted in cattle but not in humans. Geographic distribution is worldwide. Key features include culture characteristics and requirements for thiamine and inositol, large ectothrix invasion of hair, clinical lesions and history.
Mycoses
Published in Aimilios Lallas, Enzo Errichetti, Dimitrios Ioannides, Dermoscopy in General Dermatology, 2018
Dionysios Lekkas, Francesco Lacarrubba, Anna Elisa Verzì, Giuseppe Micali
Ectothrix infections are usually characterized by the presence of patchy, scaling areas of alopecia, with hair shafts breaking 2–3 mm or more above the scalp level (Figures 13.12A and 13.13A). In endothrixinfections, a diffuse scaling resembling dandruff or multiple alopecic areas with fine scaling are generally observed; hairs often break at scalp level, leaving swollen hair stubs within the follicles (black dot ringworm). Some zoophilic species (e.g., Trichophyton verrucosum or Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and occasionally Microsporum gypseum) are able to induce severe inflammatory form of TC (kerion celsi) presenting with alopecic plaques associated with pustules and crusts which may lead to scarring and permanent alopecia (Figure 13.14A).6,9
Nanotechnological interventions in dermatophytosis: from oral to topical, a fresh perspective
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Riya Bangia, Gajanand Sharma, Sunil Dogra, Om Prakash Katare
There are around 40 species of dermatophytes that can affect humans. The most prevalent ones are Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans, and Microsporum canis [3–5]. The dermatophytes are categorized into three genera, namely, Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton [6]. The dermatophytes evolve according to the geographical locations and socioeconomic conditions [7]. Around 100 years ago, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton schoenleinii, and Microsporum audouinii constituted the major group of pathogens causing superficial fungal diseases, whereas their number decreased significantly since the mid-twentieth century and are nowadays restricted to some less-developed nations. However, frequency of some other pathogens, including T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, Trichophyton interdigitale, and M. canis, rose steadily and became the major species across the globe. In some regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa, other dermatophytes, including Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton violaceum, and M. ferrugineum, are majorly endemic [8]. As per the current scenario, T. rubrum is the major pathogen responsible for skin and nail fungal infections worldwide, while T. violaceum (Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia), M. canis (most regions of Europe and Asia), and T. tonsurans (the United Kingdom and North/South America) for tinea capitis [8–15].
Zoonotic fungal diseases and animal ownership in Nigeria
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2018
Adebowale I. Adebiyi, Daniel O. Oluwayelu
Ecologically, dermatophytes are classified as zoophilic, anthropophilic or geophilic depending on their major reservoir in nature (animals, humans and soil, respectively). Zoophilic dermatophytes may result in zoonoses when humans are exposed to these organisms.18 Majority of zoonotic dermatophytes are caused by four species: Microsporum canis (usually derived from pet animals, particularly cats and dogs), Trichophyton verrucosum (usually derived from cattle), Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii (usually derived from cats and dogs) and Arthroderma benhamiae (usually derived from guinea-pigs). Human infection results most often from direct contact with an infected animal, but may also be acquired indirectly through contact with a contaminated environment,18 such as fungus-bearing hair and scales from infected animals. The prevalence of superficial mycoses caused by zoophilic dermatophytes was found to be significant in different parts of the world24 especially in the tropical countries with warm and humid climate, crowded living and poor sanitary conditions.25
Fungal vaccines
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2021
HT Pattison, BC Millar, JE Moore
Vaccines have historically played an important role in helping to control infectious diseases, especially those of a viral and bacterial aetiology. Whilst these vaccines have played a major societal role in containing and preventing such diseases, both in humans and in animals, there is still no effective licenced fungal vaccine for indications in humans, either locally, nationally or internationally. This is due largely to the molecular complexity of eukaryotic fungal pathogens, as immunological targets alongside their capacity to evade both naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity. The optimized development of fungal vaccines could help circumvent the necessity for antifungal drugs and subsequent driving of antifungal resistance, as seen in azole-resistant Invasive Aspergillosis with immunocompromised patients [1,2]. Only one fungal vaccine has been successfully licenced to date to reduce clinical signs, aid recovery and help prevent ringworm in cattle. Its origin began in Russia in 1967, where a vaccine was produced from live immunogenic cells of an attenuated strain of 130 Trichophyton verrucosum, leading on to a fully licenced live fungal vaccine in the early 2000s, called Bovilis® Ringvac had been made for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination of cows against the fungus Trichophyton verrucosum [3]. This vaccine possesses many practical and logistical aspects that an Aspergillus vaccine would need [4]. Currently, there are no Aspergillus vaccines in development. The only fungal vaccine trialled on Clinicaltrials.gov was the vulvovaginal Candida vaccine in 2012, with no results reported.