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The Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
Published in Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2019
In scandinavia, ophthalmology was late in developing as a separate specialty, most of the university chairs being founded toward the end of the past century. Nevertheless, notable contributions to the subject have been made from Scandinavian countries. Johan widmarck (1850-1909), of Stockholm, acquired international fame for his studies on the action of ultraviolet rays in the production of snow blindness, and on electric ophthalmia and solar erythema. Finsen’s method of actinotherapy was based on Widmarck’s studies. The Uppsala physiologist A. F. holmgren (1831-97) was the first to recognize the importance of colour blindness as a source of accidents in railroading and in navigation. His test of carefully selected woollen skeins of different colours (1874) is still employed in detecting unsuitable applicants.
Potential role of resveratrol-loaded elastic sorbitan monostearate nanovesicles for the prevention of UV-induced skin damage
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2020
Photographs of the dorsal rat skin are displayed in Figure 5. The UV irradiation of the positive control group resulted in the appearance of clear oedema, erythema and scars as signs of inflammation and irritation (Kamel and Abbas 2013, Kamel et al.2017, Abbas et al.2018). After excessive irradiation in the UV range, the skin is subjected to deleterious effects like sunburn or solar erythema (Matsumura and Ananthaswamy 2004). Also, skin thickening can be seen due to epidermal hyperplasia and thickening of the stratum corneum (Clydesdale et al.2001). All these signs were absent in case of the negative control group. Application of the drug suspension prior to UV-exposure showed some protective effect, however, the protective effect was markedly higher in the case of the spanlastic formula. This is expected because of the better skin penetration allowed by the elastic properties of the designed nanovesicles (Farghaly et al.2017), besides its reduced particle size (Kamel and Abbas 2013) and enhanced drug solubility compared to the drug suspension. These properties allowed overcoming the impermeability of the outermost layer of the skin, and hence enhanced the drug penetration into the skin where it exerted its prophylactic effect.