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Infections and infestations of nail unit
Published in Archana Singal, Shekhar Neema, Piyush Kumar, Nail Disorders, 2019
Vineet Relhan, Vikrant Choubey
Scrofuloderma is a multibacillary form of cutaneous tuberculosis that occurs by contagious spread from an underlying focus of infection, usually lymph nodes, bones, and joints. Scrofuloderma presenting clinically as dactylitis and chronic paronychia has been reported.16 The exuberant granulation tissue extending from the proximal nail fold to the nail plate resembles a pterygium and therefore has been known to form a “pseudo pterygium.” Like any chronic paronychia, tubercular paronychia can lead further to nail matrix abnormalities and subsequently nail dystrophy.16 Most of the cases presenting as tuberculous dactylitis are of pediatric age group.17
Case 12: Hyperpigmented Skin Lesions
Published in Layne Kerry, Janice Rymer, 100 Diagnostic Dilemmas in Clinical Medicine, 2017
Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) has several different forms, ranging from lupus vulgaris with reddish-brown nodules that are typically distributed over the face and neck, to scrofuloderma where lesions form over lymph nodes, joints and bones and can ulcerate over time. Cutaneous TB has a low incidence but is more common in patients co-infected with HIV.
Skin disorders in AIDS, immunodeficiency, and venereal disease
Published in Rashmi Sarkar, Anupam Das, Sumit Sethi, Concise Dermatology, 2021
Indrashis Podder, Rashmi Sarkar
Severe and extensive staphylococcal infections (pyoderma) are common (Figure 7.2). Tuberculosis and syphilis are both major problems for individuals with AIDS. Both disorders progress rapidly and are responsible for extensive and severe disease in AIDS patients. Extrapulmonary disease is quite common in late HIV disease. It has been reported that these patients are 30 times more likely to develop active TB, compared to the general population. Cutaneous TB also occurs more frequently in these patients. The most common form is military tuberculosis in contrast to scrofuloderma being the most common form in non-reactive patients. Infections with mycobacterial species that do not generally infect humans may also be seen in these patients. Bacillary angiomatosis, a characteristic feature of HIV/AIDS, occurs due to infection with a bacterial microorganism similar to the bacillus-causing ‘cat-scratch’ disease. It causes Kaposi’s sarcoma-like lesions and a widespread eruption of red papules. Another infection characteristic of HIV/AIDS is pneumonia due to Pnemocystis jiroveci. Recently, trials are going on the long-term use of cotrimoxazole to prevent serious bacterial infections in HIV-infected children. A group of researchers are also exploring the role of vaginal microbiota in HIV transmission and infection. Syphilis can also present with some unusual manifestations in immunosuppressed AIDS patients like multiple, painful and giant chancres, increased chance of lues maligna (secondary syphilis with vasculitis and systemic involvement) and more rapid progression to tertiary syphilis. There might be limited antibody response to treponemal antigens or false-negative non-treponemal tests, making the serologic diagnosis of syphilis unreliable in these patients.
Common dermatological conditions in the HIV patient
Published in South African Family Practice, 2019
Cutaneous tuberculosis is divided into three categories as follows: Inoculation tuberculosis, a primary infection of the skin that is introduced by an exogenous source, e.g. lupus vulgaris and tuberculous chancre.Secondary tuberculosis, either by contiguous or haematogenous spread from a primary focus that leads to involvement of the skin, e.g. scrofuloderma.Tuberculids which are hypersensitivity reactions to M. tuberculosis components, e.g. papulonecrotic tuberculid, erythema induratum of Bazin and lichen scrofulosorum.
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Surendra K Sharma, Alladi Mohan, Mikashmi Kohli
Various clinical types of cutaneous TB, such as lupus vulgaris, scrofuloderma, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis occur. Tuberculids (lichen scrofulosorum; papulonecrotic tuberculid; erythema induratum; and erythema nodosum), TB chancre, miliary TB of the skin have also been described. Following bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, localized and generalized skin complications have also been described [2].