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Hyperspectral Imaging of Diabetes Mellitus Skin Complications
Published in Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin, Biomedical Photonics for Diabetes Research, 2023
Viktor V. Dremin, Evgenii A. Zherebtsov, Alexey P. Popov, Igor V. Meglinski, Alexander V. Bykov
The developed HSI system was used to perform trial measurements and the arterial occlusion tests with healthy volunteers. According to the University of Oulu Ethics Committee regulations, informed consent was obtained from all tested subjects. First, Caucasian and Indian male skin corresponding to the type II and V of Fitzpatrick scale (Figure 8.8a and b) was considered and compared.
Environmental Injuries
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Soo Jung Kim, Alexander V. Nguyen
Clinical presentation: This results in the redness, swelling, blistering, and pain seen in sunburns. Severe sunburns with extensive blistering may require inpatient management. Each person’s overall sensitivity to UVR is different, however, and depends largely on the inherent baseline pigmentation and the ability to produce more melanin. The Fitzpatrick scale of skin phototypes is shown in Table 10.1.
Novel UV Filtering Agents for Next-Generation Cosmetics: From Phytochemicals to Inorganic Nanomaterials
Published in Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan, Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
In the opinion of D’Orazio as mentioned in one of the leading reviews on effect of UV on skin, skin pigmentation is one of the deciding factors for the variability in the effect of UV radiation on various skin types. The well-known “Fitzpatrick Scale” is a method or scaling system to compare complexion. This scale categorizes skin into six primary phototypes based on skin color, melanin concentration, inflammatory response against UV, and risk of melanoma (D’Orazio et al., 2013, Scherer and Kumar, 2010). Furthermore, on the basis of class of complexion, minimal erythematous dose (MED)—an indicative of degree of UV-effect—is determined using a quantitative method that reports the amount of UVB needed to induce sunburn in the skin in a window of 24–48 h after exposure. MED is clinically determined using visible symptoms such as edema (swelling) and erythema (redness). As pigmentation of skin is decided by melanin content and melanin is known to protect skin, therefore as an obvious rule, the fairer the skin, the easier it is harmed by UV. The value of MED is therefore highest in dark-skinned individuals compared to fair-skinned individuals, since more UV radiation is needed to damage melanin-rich skin and cause burns (Andreassi et al., 1999, Kawada 2000, Lu et al., 1996). Both Fitzpatrick phototype and MED are collectively used to determine the risk of skin cancer. Also, Fitzpatrick phototype is known to correlate directly with both MED and with melanoma and other skin cancer risk (Ravnbak, 2010).
Insights and controversies on sunscreen safety
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Juliana P. Paiva, Raiane R. Diniz, Alvaro C. Leitão, Lucio M. Cabral, Rodrigo S. Fortunato, Bianca A. M. C. Santos, Marcelo de Pádula
One of the natural defenses against UV and its deleterious skin effects is the melanogenesis induced by UV radiation, which is a process related to the activation of melanocytes and melanin synthesis (Pawelek et al. 1992). In contrast, it is known that melanogenesis is not a guarantee way of photoprotection for all skin types, since each skin tone has different amount of melanin and, consequently, different levels of natural protection. Skin phototype scale, as described by the Fitzpatrick scale (Fitzpatrick 1988), is one of the most useful clinical determinants for predicting UV sensitivity. This scale relates the amount of melanin and skin tone to a natural protection, so lower skin types are more susceptible to sunburn and skin carcinogenesis due to the low melanin rate production (Young et al. 2017).
Sunlight radiation as a villain and hero: 60 years of illuminating research
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Julia Montelin Powers, James Edward John Murphy
Today the most common skin classification system is the Fitzpatrick Scale ranging from Type One; very fair skin that always burns and never tans, to Type Seven, dark skin that never burns (Roberts 2009). We also know more about the effects of sun exposure; UV light is a potential mutagen, producing oncogenic DNA mutations; inactivation of tumor suppressors, and also stimulates clonal expansion of cells bearing these defects (Halliday et al. 2008). Particularly vulnerable is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as it has limited repair mechanisms (Cline 2012); however, damage to mtDNA can serve as a marker of sun exposure, with the percentage of genomes carrying several deletions indicative of cumulative damage (Powers et al. 2016). In addition, skin cancer facts, statistics, and prevention advice are more readily available with information technology now accessible with relative ease (Duarte et al. 2017).
Therapeutic Effect of Intense Pulsed Light on Ocular Demodicosis
Published in Current Eye Research, 2019
XiaoZhao Zhang, Nan Song, Lan Gong
Each patient had three treatments. The following section describes the treatment methodology for administering IPL using the Lumenis® M22TM IPL system in this study: M22 system (Figure 1) is 510(k) cleared in the United States by the U.S. FDA for aesthetic applications (K142860). The M22 system is a multi-application, multi-technology system which comprises a system console, an operator control panel, an LCD monitor with touch-screen technology, and several treatment heads and handpieces. A thin (1–2 mm) coat of coupling gel was applied to the entire area to be treated, from ear to ear, including the nose, before administering IPL. The system is continuously monitored and controlled by its internal computer. The treatments were performed using the proprietary “dry eye mode” setting, and energy parameters were determined based on skin type (skin type settings 1–4 and mode A–F) and patient tolerance and/or comfort. Skin type was determined using the Fitzpatrick scale; only patients with skin type 4 or lower were treated with IPL. IPL treatments were administered three times. Disposable safety eye wear was provided to all study participants, the safety eyewear was used for the treating physician and other medical personnel present in the room.