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Dermatophytosis
Published in Rebecca A. Cox, Immunology of the Fungal Diseases, 2020
Dermatophytids are cutaneous eruptions associated with dermatophytosis at a different site; they are generally associated with strong delayed hypersensitivity to fungal antigens and appear to be immunologically mediated.
Otitis Externa and Otomycosis
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
In cases of resistant otomycosis, it is essential to exclude fungal infection elsewhere in the body. The ‘foot and ear’39 dermatophytid (i.d.) reaction can occur from a fungal infection in a remote location. Immunotherapy with dermatophyte (Trichophyton, Oidiomycetes and Epidermophyton: TOE) extracts and dust mite is the treatment of choice in this condition.40
Majocchís granuloma on the genital area
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2020
C. Cuenca-Barrales, B. Espadafor-Lopez, R. Ruiz-Villaverde
Dermatophytes are superficial cutaneous mycoses involving keratinised tissues, such as stratum corneum, hair or nails. However, sometimes they spread to deeper strata, leading to cases such as Majocchi granuloma, in which deeper regions of the hair follicles, the dermis and even the hypodermis are affected (Coelho et al. 2009). Although, Trichophyton rubrum is the most frequent species, T. mentagrophytes, a zoophilic species which generates important inflammatory reactions, may also be involved (Chang et al. 2005; Bakardzhiev et al. 2016). Trichophytonmentagrophytes (previously T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes) may be associated with dermatophytid reaction. It causes inflammatory tinea pedis, cruris and tinea barbae and is associated with the exposure to small mammals. On the other hand, T. interdigitale, an anthropophilic dermatophyte (previously T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale) is mainly responsible for the interdigital, tinea pedis and sometimes, tinea cruris and onychomycosis.
Update on current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2018
Aditya K. Gupta, Rachel R. Mays, Sarah G. Versteeg, Neil H. Shear, Vincent Piguet
The most common symptoms of onychomycosis are discolouration (white, black, yellow or green) and thickening (hyperkeratosis) of the nail. The nail bed can also become infected and white or yellow patches can be present on the nailbed or scaly skin adjacent to the nail. Onychomycosis generally does not cause bodily pain; however, if left untreated the infection can worsen and the skin can become sore and inflamed. Sporadically, dermatophytids may manifest as a red, itchy, scaly, circular rash. Another presentation of onychomycosis is a dermatophytoma. This is characterized by abundant fungal filaments, large spores, or both, compacted and forming a fungal ball [14,15]. The presence of fungus is confirmed by microscopically observing via potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation or chlorazol black E in nail samples from patients with suspected onychomycosis or clinically, by observing a linear band or a rounded mass of white or yellowish color.