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The needs of migrants in transit
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Olaa Mohamed-Ahmed, Samafilan Ainan, Grazia Caleo, Abdulkarim Ekzayez, Osama Elgamal, Najeeb Rahman, Sakib Rokadiya, Afifah Rahman-Shepherd, Osman Dar
Illnesses resulting from environmental exposure may be related to climate, such ashypothermia,frostbite and non-freezing cold injury andheat-related illness.
Injuries Due to Burns and Cold
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
Cold injury is uncommon in the UK and is divided into hypothermia and local tissue damage, such as frostbite; gentle rewarming is the key in both situations, with the realization that extremity rewarming is extremely painful and will require good analgesic provision.
Temperature Regulation
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Frostbite is the most severe form of cold injury and is due to the freezing of peripheral tissues. Damage to tissues is by cell dehydration and mechanical effects of ice crystals, associated with an increase in permeability of blood vessels. In mild forms, only the skin freezes, but the muscle and tendons may also freeze in severe cases. There is loss of fluid from the circulation on thawing, and the increased haematocrit in the blood vessels of affected tissues can reduce blood flow and cause gangrene.
Finger anthropometrics may not be a primary influence on the thermal responses to cooling and rewarming
Published in Temperature, 2023
Kate A. Wickham, Stephen S. Cheung
The fingers are especially vulnerable to heat loss due to their very large surface area to volume (SA:V) ratio, minimal muscle mass for metabolic heat generation, and potent vasoconstrictor capacity [1,2]. This can lead to high risks for cold injuries, such as frostbite, during whole-body or local cold exposure [3,4]. Furthermore, there is a generally direct relationship between finger temperature (Tfinger) and manual dexterity [5], and even brief hand immersion in 10°C water decreased gross manual dexterity after 2 minutes and fine finger dexterity after 5 minutes [6]. Manual function is critical for cold weather operations and survival situations, and this has generated interest into whether the thermal responses of the extremities to cooling is a predictable phenomenon along with the role of individual characteristics [2,7,8]. Daanen and van der Struijs [9] reported that, among military personnel deployed to Arctic exercises, greater cold injury prevalence occurred in those with lower pre-deployment cold-induced vasodilatory responses. Other epidemiological studies suggest that cold injuries are more prevalent in tropical and Caribbean natives [10] and less likely in temperate and northern climate natives [11], suggesting a genetic contribution to thermal responses of the extremities [12,13].
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1)-mediated toxicity: friend or foe?
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi, Ali Shamsizadeh, Gholamreza Karimi, Ali Roohbakhsh
The cold-induced vascular response consists of vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation. This response is critical for protecting the cutaneous tissues against cold injury (Daanen 2003). By pharmacological blockade of TRPA1 or ablation of its gene in a mice model of local environmental cold exposure, it was demonstrated that TRPA1 is an elementary vascular cold sensor (Aubdool et al. 2014). The beginning of cold-dependent vasoconstriction was reported to be arbitrated by TRPA1-dependent superoxide production that activated both α2C-adrenoceptors and TRPA1 downstream signaling; Rho-kinase-mediated myosin light-chain phosphorylation. Also, the subsequent restorative blood flow constituent is dependent on TRPA1 stimulation that is mediated by SP and sensory nerve-derived dilator neuropeptide, CGRP as well as NO (Aubdool et al. 2014). In addition, it was reported that both TRPA1 and TRPM8 are vascular cold sensors that mediate the vasoconstrictor component of the whole paw cooling (Pan et al. 2017). The study showed that local cooling-induced responses were just prevented by concomitant administration of TRPA1 and TRPM8 antagonists (Pan et al. 2017). It has been reported that TRPA1 has a significant role in noxious cold-induced pain. The study showed that TRPA1 KO mice did not show pain-related behaviors when exposed to a cold plate (Kwan et al. 2006).
Development and evaluation of RAMP I – a practitioner’s tool for screening of musculoskeletal disorder risk factors in manual handling
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2019
Carl Mikael Lind, Mikael Forsman, Linda Maria Rose
Manual handling in cold environments has been associated with an increased probability of MSDs and/or LBP/LBD [15,18], while manual handling of cold objects can cause pain, numbness and cold injury [70]. A cold working condition has been defined as an ambient temperature of <10 °C or when it causes cold sensations [71]. The thermal effect can be further amplified by a draft [72], which additionally has been related to LBP [73] and NSP/NSD [74]. Conversely, a hot ambient temperature can reduce the capacity in MHOs [75,76] and has been linked with the onset of LBP [77]. Furthermore, manual handling of hot objects can cause burns and irreversible cutaneous injuries [78]. Therefore, a hot and cold ambient temperature or draft and the handling of warm or cold objects were used as assessment criteria.