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Pregnancy and Skin Disease
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Tugba Kevser Uzuncakmak, Ozge Askin, Yalçın Tüzün
Chloasma, also known as the mask of pregnancy, is the counterpart of melasma in pregnant women. It is said to be seen in up to 70% of pregnancies, especially in women with darker skin. It often appears as symmetrical, sharply circumscribed brown patches on much of the face, mandibular areas, or centrofacial region, including the chin, nose, upper lip, cheeks, and forehead. This condition, which becomes prominent in the second half of pregnancy, can be found more frequently in patients using oral contraceptives before pregnancy. For the treatment of melasma, which may partially regress spontaneously in the first postpartum year, recommendations include using sunscreens containing mineral filters, avoiding irritant cosmetics, and preventing prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Treatment regimens can include lasers and applications of topical 4% hydroquinone, often combined with tretinoin and corticosteroids applied in the postpartum period after cessation of breast-feeding.
Pregnancy and the skin
Published in Ronald Marks, Richard Motley, Common Skin Diseases, 2019
In addition, dark areas appear symmetrically across the cheeks, around the eyes and over the forehead, giving a mask-like appearance (Fig. 17.1). This is known as melasma (or chloasma) and seems much more common and troublesome in darker, Mediterranean and Asian skin types. The same problem is sometimes seen in non-pregnant women and the contraceptive pill may exacerbate this tendency. About 60 per cent of pregnant women develop some melasma, and 30 per cent of women on the pill do so. The commonest type of melasma is centrofacial (about 65 per cent). The ‘malar’ type, with pigmentation on the cheeks, and the mandibular pattern, with pigmentation along the lower jaw, are less common.
Progestogen-only methods
Published in Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Integrated Contraceptive and Sexual Healthcare, 2018
Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Kathy French, Kevin Miles
Side effects are usually self-limiting and of relatively short duration. Nausea.Vomiting.Headache.Dizziness.Breast discomfort/breast changes.Depression.Skin disorders.Disturbance of appetite.Weight changes.Changes in libido.Chloasma.Rash.Depression.Menstrual irregularities.
An emerging technology in lipid research for targeting hydrophilic drugs to the skin in the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders: kojic acid-solid lipid nanoparticles
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Khadijeh Khezri, Majid Saeedi, Katayoun Morteza-Semnani, Jafar Akbari, Seyyed Sohrab Rostamkalaei
Pigmentation disorders are one of the most common skin diseases that are caused by abnormal distribution, structure and function of melanocytes. The pigmentation disorders’ treatment has always been challenging and discouraging for the most population especially women. The most middle-aged women have often abnormal pigmentation on their facial skin and these skin disorders are related to various endogenous and exogenous agents [4]. Pigmentation disorders can be expressed in two forms of skin pigmentation increase (hyperpigmentation) and decrease (hypopigmentation). These skin pigmentation disorders can cause aesthetic, cognitive and psychological challenges for the patients and have psychosocial effects on them. Common typical pigmentation disorders including melasma (chloasma) and ephelides (freckles) are related to disturbance in skin pigmentation [5–7].
The physiologic and pathologic effects of pregnancy on the human visual system
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2019
Dimitrios Kalogeropoulos, Velota CT Sung, Minas Paschopoulos, Marilita M. Moschos, Panagiotis Panidis, Chris Kalogeropoulos
Chloasma (or melasma) consists one of the most frequent physiologic features and is defined as increased pigmentations around the eye that may extend onto the eyelids and cheeks (Jadotte and Schwartz 2010). These pigmentations, known as the ‘mask of pregnancy’ (Chawla et al. 2013), are transient and fade away gradually during the postpartum period. This clinical finding depends on skin type, sunlight exposure and genetic predisposition. It has been suggested that most probably hormonal variations of gestation lead to increase in melanogenesis and melanocytosis and therefore to increased melanin levels (Jadotte and Schwartz 2010). In some individuals, conjunctival blood vessels present an increased granularity which is attributed to the decreased flow rate of blood (Chawla et al. 2013). Subconjunctival haemorrhage (hyposphagma) is an innocuous finding observed in about 10% of the females during and after delivery and requires no particular measures apart from a check of blood pressure.
Comparing the efficacy of topical hydroquinone 2% versus intradermal tranexamic acid microinjections in treating melasma: a split-face controlled trial
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Nasrin Saki, Mohammad Darayesh, Alireza Heiran
Melasma (chloasma) is a benign, highly prevalent, acquired, and chronic hypermelanosis characterized by symmetrical light to dark brown macules and patches. It is due to epidermal melanocytes hyperactivity, on different areas of the face, like the forehead, malar area and the chin. Most patients with melasma are either Asian or Hispanic. It is more common in women during reproductive age with Fitzpatrick skin types III to V, and they account for 90% of all melasma cases (1–10). Although there are still many questions about the etiology of melasma; however, sun exposure, genetic susceptibility, hormonal therapies, pregnancy, cosmetics, photosensitizing drugs and antiseizure medications are considered as possible causes and the first three aforementioned triggering factors play major roles (1,4,5,8,9,11,12).