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Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
High carbohydrate intake has been implicated in periodontal disease and dental caries. The relationship of nutrition and oral health is well known.192,193 High carbohydrate intake is especially prevalent in adolescents, and those dietary habits become lifelong habits affecting oral health and consequently systemic health as well.194 This is especially true for those patients consuming soft drinks, as those are high in carbohydrates.195 A diet high in sugar encourages plaque formation, with bacterial breakdown of those sugars leading to an acid attack of the tooth structure with the onset or worsening of dental decay in reaction to poor oral hygiene. Dentists need to counsel patients on nutritional strategy and to avoid eating a high carbohydrate diet.196
The Coronary Arteries: Atherosclerosis and Ischaemic Heart Disease
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
Plaque disruption has a wide spectrum of severity (Figs. 2.20–2.23). Small tears may have only an intraplaque component of thrombus. At the other extreme, the cap may be lost over several millimetres in the coronary artery and the whole bed of the core exposed with extrusion of the lipid contents. In the aorta or carotid arteries, where both the plaques and the vascular lumen are much larger, chronic ulcers filled with thrombus develop as the result of disruption.
Coronary Artery Disease
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Initially, decreased coronary artery blood flow causes no symptoms. With plaque buildup, signs and symptoms include angina pectoris, shortness of breath, and MI. Angina is described as chest pressure or tightness, usually on the middle portion or left side. The pain usually subsides a few minutes after stopping any stressful activity. For some patients – primarily women – the pain can be brief or sharp, in the left arm, neck, or back. With activity, the patient develops shortness of breath or extreme fatigue. If a coronary artery becomes totally blocked, an MI occurs. There is crushing pressure in the chest and pain in the arm or shoulder, often with shortness of breath and sweating. However, an MI can occur without any obvious signs or symptoms. Also, women are more likely than men to have more unusual signs and symptoms, such as jaw or neck pain, sometimes accompanied with nausea, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
Exploration of the interplay between spatially distinct microbial habitats through comparative analysis
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Hyunji Kim, Jin-Sil Hong, Pil-Young Yun, Kyung-Gyun Hwang, Keun-Suh Kim, Hyo-Jung Lee, Kyoung Un Park
Notably, as we explored the interactions among microbiomes and environments, we were able to assess changes in the microbiomes related to disease progression. Dysbiosis, which refers to a disturbance in the balanced ecosystem of the oral microbiome, can lead to the development of oral diseases and adverse health effects [47]. As periodontitis progresses, the diversity of plaque microbes changes, accompanied by alterations in the interactions among environmental flora. Plaque formation is influenced by the passive transport of bacteria through saliva, changes in the microbial environment surrounding solid surfaces (such as tooth surfaces), and interactions among microorganisms [48]. The structure of plaque results from a delicate balance between microbial adhesion, growth, and removal. As plaque matures, the dominant bacteria within it shift from one group to another [48], indicating potential changes in the diversity of the plaque microbiome over time. In saliva, which serves as a transport medium for microbes, microbial diversity increases, and certain microbial interactions become more dominant, while overall normal interactions among microbes decrease. Regarding environmental relationships, various microbes migrate from saliva to plaque, creating an actively migrating neutral environment in saliva compared to the niche environment of plaque, which is densely populated with pathogenic microbes.
The vascular protective effects of trihoney in hypercholesterolemic atherosclerotic rabbits, a comparative study with atorvastatin
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Hamad Abdulsalam Hamad Alfarisi, Muhammad Bin Ibrahim, Zainab Bubakr Hamad Zubi
Complex multiple processes of inflammation and oxidation, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) metabolism, are implicated in the development of fatty streaks [6]. The possibility of vascular complications in the setting of atherosclerosis largely depends on plaque characteristics [7,8]. Further, the consequences of the complications are determined by various histological characteristics of the plaque, which include the severity of vascular narrowing, lipid core, fibrosis, hemorrhage, calcification, and fibrous cap rupture [9]. The most fatal complication of atherosclerotic plaque is its rupture and luminal thrombosis – a common mechanism responsible for ACS and sudden death [10]. Plaque rupture is attributed to continued inflammation, thinning of the fibrous cap, and collagen degradation [11,12].
Integrative multiomics analysis reveals host-microbe-metabolite interplays associated with the aging process in Singaporeans
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Liwei Chen, Tingting Zheng, Yifan Yang, Prem Prashant Chaudhary, Jean Pui Yi Teh, Bobby K. Cheon, Daniela Moses, Stephan C. Schuster, Joergen Schlundt, Jun Li, Patricia L. Conway
Daily oral hygiene habits (e.g., frequency of toothbrushing, efficacy of plaque removal) are constantly influencing the oral microflora throughout life. Toothbrushing and flossing can be powerful means to disrupt plaque and maintain healthy oral ecosystems. It was found that individuals who brush their teeth once per day have a higher Shannon index than those who brush more than once per day.69 Poor oral hygiene might lead to an overgrowth of pathogenic microorganisms and the entry of oral microorganisms to the lower respiratory tract.70 Multiple studies indicating oral health and oral hygiene behavior have a direct impact on the oral microbiome71,72 and influence the balance of gut microbiome.73 Oral hygiene habits should be taken into account for future microbiome studies, especially oral microbiome studies.