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Medicinal Plants: Consumption, Supply Chain, Marketing, and Trade in India
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
These plants are collected from wild or from the cultivated sources apart from imported species. The main species which dominates the large and medium scale industries are Aloe, Aonla, Mentha, and Gaultheria oil, whereas, species like Tecomella undulate, Pendulum murex, Chlorophytum tuberosum, Mucuna pruriens and Amorphophallus paeonifolius mostly used in small and very small industries in larger quantities. Further, medicinal plants species like Gaultheria procumbens, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Bambusa arundinacea, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Commiphora wightii, Atropa belladonna, Salix caprea, Piper Chaba, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Onosoma bracteata, Tamarix gallica, Smilax china, Melaleuca leucadendra and Quercus infectoria are imported to cater the need of the industries. More than 53% of these identified 198 important species being collected from wild and around 40% come from cultivated source along with 7% imported species to cater the major need of the Indian herbal industries. Apart from these licensed industries, there are cottage scale manufacturing units also where raw herbal drugs are being used and sold as formulations or ‘churans’ at roadside temporary outlets, near parks and village market, and at fairs or even in front of religious places.
The twentieth century
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
The active principle of the willow bark (from Salix alba vulgaris) is a bitter glycoside called salicin, first isolated in pure form by Leroux in 1829 who also demonstrated that salicin had antipyretic effects. On hydrolysis, salicin yielded salicylic acid (and glucose), a chemical that was originally produced in 1835 from salicylaldehyde as found in meadowsweet (Spiraea ulmaria, now known as Filipendula ulmaria in the Rosaceae). Salicin was also present in oil of winter-green (Gaultheria procumbens), much used by native North American Indians and still listed in the US pharmacopoeia, and extracts of other plants (Flower, Moncada and Vane, 1985). In 1859 Kolbe of Leipzig, aided by Lautemann, made a synthetic form of salicylic acid, by the reaction of carbolic acid (derived from phenol, obtained from coal tar) and carbon dioxide in the presence of an alkali, and the commercial production of salicylic acid became practical in 1874 (Wootton, 1910). Dr Thomas Maclagan of Dundee treated acute rheumatic fever with salicin in 1876 with good results, and synthetic salicylic acid became popular in the treatment of rheumatic fever and other rheumatic disorders (Hollman, 1992 pp. 8–9).
Essential Oils Used in Veterinary Medicine
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
K. Can Başer Hüsnü, Chlodwig Franz
Methylsalicylate, the main component of the essential oil of Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen), is topically used as emulsion in cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and poultry in the treatment of muscular and articular pain. The recommended dose is 600 mg/kg bw twice a day. The duration of treatment is usually less than 1 week (EMA, 1999). It is included in Annex II of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2377/90 as a substance that does not need an maximum residue limit (MRL) level. G. procumbens should not be used as flavoring in pet food since salicylates are toxic to dogs and cats. As cats metabolize salicylates much more slowly than other species, they are more likely to be overdosed. Use of methylsalicylate in combination with anticoagulants such as warfarin can result in adverse interactions and bleedings (Chow et al., 1989; Yip et al., 1990; Ramanathan, 1995; Tam et al., 1995).
Safe Essential Oil Practice in Cancer Centers
Published in Oncology Issues, 2018
Tisha Throne Jones, Debra Reis
There are differing definitions of what internal use means. For example, the Alliance of International Aromatherapists includes oral, vaginal, and rectal as part of internal therapeutic use, whereas others consider mouthwashes, gargles, vaginal douches, and suppositories as an extension of the external skin route and relevant to nursing care.5 Ingesting essential oils can be a safe practice if using authentic or genuine essential oils.13 An internal route allows for quicker metabolism and elimination of the essential oil.13 However, not all essential oils are safe for oral use (e.g., wintergreen [Gaultheria procumbens], hyssop [Hyssopus officinalis], wormwood [Artemisia absinthium]), and others, such as those high in phenols (e.g., clove [Syzygium aromaticum], oregano [Origanum vulgare], and thyme [Thymus vulgaris]), should be diluted before taken by mouth.