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Animal Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a domesticated insect which has been used for making silk for at least 5,000 years in China. Apart from silk production, Bombyx mori has many applications in biological and scientific research (167–168). The various stages during its life span include embryo, larva, pupa, and adult moth (167). Pupae are a source of proteins, vitamin B1, B2 and E, diapause hormone, amino acids, and more, and are used for antibacterial and antihistaminic preparations (168). As a source of animal protein and vitamins, the larvae and pupae can be used as food in some East Asian countries. In addition, silkworm is an excellent tool for drug screening and safety tests (167).
Order Nidovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
A bit earlier, Makadiya et al. (2016) expressed the affinity tagged PEDV S1 protein, the N-terminal part of the protein S, in a secretory form in yeast Pichia pastoris, insect, and mammalian cells to identify the most suitable production system, where the mammalian HEK-293 T cells gave the highest yield of protein that was N-glycosylated and was the most appropriate candidate for vaccination. However, the vaccination with this S1 subunit vaccine failed to provide complete protection to suckling piglets after challenge exposure (Makadiya et al. 2016). Wang X et al. (2016) engineered the recombinant P. pastoris yeast expressing the PEDV S1 gene, tested the whole yeast by oral immunization of mice and piglets, and detected high levels of IgA against PEDV in piglets. Chang et al. (2020) used the silkworm Bombyx mori and its pupae to produce the full-length protein S, but the oral immunogen-expression strategy was not able to overcome the immunological unresponsiveness, which was possibly due to gastrointestinal specific barriers and oral tolerance. It should be mentioned here that the full-length S protein and the S1 subunit were displayed on baculovirus by Chang et al. (2018) and Hsu WT et al. (2021), as described in Chapter 6.
Changing Circumstances and Diets
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Insects feed several primates, including chimpanzees, numerous monkeys, G. gorilla, lemurs (species in the superfamily Lemuroidea), and humans. Although most Westerners abhor insects as filthy and repulsive, disgust is atypical. African, Asian, Australian, New Zealand, and American indigenes practiced entomophagy. As much as 80 percent of people eat one or more of the roughly 1,500 insect species on the global buffet.12 The celebrated cave art in Altamira, Spain, suggests that its inhabitants ate insects roughly 30,000 years ago. Silkworms (Bombyx mori) fed ancient China. Colombians and Brazilians prize the leafcutter ant Atta laevigata. South Africans eat caterpillars of the moth Gonimbrasia belina. Indonesians consume grasshoppers (species in the superfamily Acridomorpha), crickets (species in the genera Gryllus, Gryllodes, Teleogryllus, and Acheta), termites (species in the infraorder Isoptera), honeybees (Apis mellifera), and sago palm weevils (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus). A 1525 account described Amerindian consumption of fleas, spiders, and worms.13 Alaska’s Nunamiut ingest maggots of the fly Hypoderma tarandi. The beetle Udonga montana is popular in India. Local markets in Thailand bulge with termites, ant eggs, honeybees, silkworms, grasshoppers, and crickets.
Jing-an oral liquid alleviates Tourette syndrome via the NMDAR/MAPK/CREB pathway in vivo and in vitro
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Leying Xi, Xixi Ji, Wenxiu Ji, Yue’e Yang, Yajie Zhang, Hongyan Long
Jing-an Oral Liquid (JA) is a Chinese herbal formulation consisting of eight herbs: Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. (Scrophulariaceae), Bombyx mori Linnaeus. (infected with Beauveria bassiana Bals.) (Bombycidae), Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Ranunculaceae), Gastrodia elata Bl. (Orchidaceae), Curcuma wenyujin Y.H.Chen et C.Ling (Zingiberaceae), Pheretima aspergillum E.Perrier (Megascolecidae), Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. Ex Havil. (Rubiaceae), and Buthus martensii Karsch (Buthidae). Children with TS in China have been clinically treated with JA for many years. JA was formulated based on the compatibility theory of herbal formulation in traditional Chinese medicine, it can nourish Shen Yin, settle Liver Wind, resolve phlegm, and calm the mind. However, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of JA in TS children is unknown.
The genetic architecture of larval aggregation behavior in Drosophila
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2021
Ross M. McKinney, Ryan Valdez, Yehuda Ben-Shahar
Although the biological functions of CG14205 are unknown, the protein is predicted to be a membrane bound Acyltransferase 3 (IPR002656) that is related to the nose resistant-to-fluoxetine (NRF) protein family in C. elegans (Choy & Thomas, 1999). Since several family members have been found to be expressed in the gut epithelium of worms, it has been hypothesized that they may function as novel transporters of lipophilic molecules (Choy, Kemner, & Thomas 2006). However, the specific biochemical function of this protein family remains uncharacterized. Nevertheless, previous studies in the moth Bombyx mori, have shown that various acyltransferases are required for the synthesis of sex pheromones in moths and other insects (Ding et al., 2016; Du et al.,2015; Du, Zhang, Zhu, Yin, & An, 2012). Further, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with intra- and interspecific variations in sex pheromones in noctuid moths has been mapped to the regulation of a gene containing a putative Acyltransferase 3 domain (Groot et al.,2013). Therefore, it is possible that CG14205 plays a direct role in the synthesis of larval aggregation pheromones in D. melanogaster.
Fabrication of gelatin/silk fibroin/phage nanofiber scaffold effective against multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
W. A. Sarhan, H. G. Salem, M. A. F. Khalil, I. M. El-Sherbiny, H. M. E. Azzazy
Silk cocoons of Bombyx Mori were obtained from the Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University. Gelatin, glutaraldehyde (25% in H2O), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and polyethylene glycol 6000 were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetic acid (glacial, 99%), chloroform, CaCl2, LiBr, and Na2HPO4 were supplied from Merck (Wadeville, South Africa); Muller Hinton broth, nutrient agar, nutrient broth, Luria-Bertani broth and agar-agar, were supplied from Oxoid-Thermo Fisher Scientific (Basingstoke, UK). Ciprofloxacin was supplied from Bayer AG (Germany); and gentamicin from Kenilworth (NJ, USA). Aztreonam and piperacillin-tazobactam, fetal bovine serum (FBS), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide MTT (M2128-1G), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), and Triton X were supplied from Sigma Aldrich.