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Growth and Development of Medicinal Plants, and Production of Secondary Metabolites under Ozone Pollution
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Deepti, Archana (Joshi) Bachheti, Piyush Bhalla, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti, Azamal Husen
In a single plant, the different secondary metabolites can behave differently under the same environmental conditions; for example, when ozone concentration was elevated, flavonoid (hyperoside) content of Betula pendula (Betulaceae) increases whereas the content of triterpenoids (papyriferic acid) and phenolics (dehydrosalidroside, hyperoside, betuloside) decreases (Lavola et al. 1994). Similarly, the tannin concentration of Pinus taeda (Pinaceae) increases, while there was no effect on phenol concentration when ozone concentrations increase (Jordan et al. 1991). Bortolin et al. (2016) studied the effect of ozone exposure on Capsicum baccatum. The results revealed that there was a decrease in the concentration of capsaicin, an active component of chilli peppers, whereas there was no effect in the concentration of dihydrocapsaicin. In Pinus strobes the concentration of phenolics decreases while there was no effect on terpenoid content (Shadkami et al. 2007). Other studies showed that the terpenes content in Brassica oleracea decreases (Pinto et al. 2007a, 2007b) while sesquiterpenes (jasmonic acid) in Lycopersicon esculentum (Zandra et al. 2006), terpenes in Phaseolus lunatus (Vuorinen et al. 2004) and Gossypium hirsutum (Booker 2000), and flavonoids in Acer saccharum (Sager et al. 2005) increase in elevated ozone concentration. Increased puerarin levels in Pueraria thomsonii were also the result of elevated ozone concentrations (Sun et al. 2012).
Vegetables
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Perhaps wishing to avoid inconsistencies, American botanist Beryl Brintnall Simpson (b. 1942) and American botanist and science educator Molly Conner Ogorzaly never employed “vegetable” or “vegetables” as nouns in the textbook Economic Botany (2001). No chapter bears these terms as a title. The nearest they approached vegetables was a chapter on “foods from leaves, stems, and roots.”9 Even this formulation is unsatisfactory because the chapter included sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), dates (Phoenix dactylifera), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and sucrose (C12H22O11), none a vegetable.10 Despite avoidance of “vegetable” as noun, Simpson and Ogorzaly used it as an adjective in opposition to the adjectives “animal” and “synthetic.”11 Such language makes vegetables plants, though failure to craft a narrow definition—or any definition in this case—leaves all florae as default members of this category.
Phytochemistry of Harmal
Published in Ephraim Shmaya Lansky, Shifra Lansky, Helena Maaria Paavilainen, Harmal, 2017
Ephraim Shmaya Lansky, Shifra Lansky, Helena Maaria Paavilainen
One author emphasized the ubiquity of harmine across many plant species in 100% of insect-pollinated species studied, including lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), common rue (Ruta graveolens), meadow rue (Thalictrum aquilegifolium), hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens), spirea (Spirea japonica), forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpioides), and blue star grass (Sisyrinchium augustifolium). Wind-pollinated plants such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum), white velvet (Tradescantia sillamontana), another plant also known as meadow rue (Thalictrum ichangense), and rhoeo (Rhoeo spathacea) did not contain harmine. She observed that harmine and its harmala alkaloid congeners harmol, harmalol, and harmaline fluoresce in the visible range of 300–700 nm, which coincidentally overlays bees’ visual range of 300–600 nm, speculating that these compounds, in spite of their insecticidal properties, may also serve as important insect attractants in species dependent on insect pollination (Harrington 2012).
Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of a food-grade phenolic-enriched maple syrup extract in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Kenneth N. Rose, Benjamin J. Barlock, Nicholas A. DaSilva, Shelby L. Johnson, Chang Liu, Hang Ma, Robert Nelson, Fatemeh Akhlaghi, Navindra P. Seeram
Our group has conducted extensive chemical compositional studies on maple syrup, a natural sweetener produced by boiling the sap of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) trees, leading to the identification of over sixty phenolic constituents [10–15]. A phenolic-enriched maple syrup extract was reported to decrease oligomerization and aggregation of both Aβ1-42 and tau peptides [16]. In addition, our group reported on the anti-neuroinflammatory effects and anti-AD effects of a phenolic-enriched maple syrup extract (MSX) in vitro and in Caenorhabditis elegans [17]. However, to date, the effects of MSX against AD have not been studied in any rodent models. Therefore, herein, we sought to investigate whether MSX exerts anti-inflammatory effects in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD.