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Voice and Speech Production
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Paul Carding, Lesley Mathieson
The basic characteristic of the nasal consonants (m, n, ng) is that air escapes through the nose. The air is prevented from passing through the mouth by obstructive lip or tongue articulation and the soft palate is lowered to allow nasal air escape. The soft palate is raised for all other standard consonants and vowels. Inadequate velopharyngeal competence will result in inappropriate ‘nasalization’ of non-nasal consonants and vowels. Permanent obstruction in the nasopharynx and lower nasal passages will result in ‘denasalization’ of nasal consonants.
Normative nasalance scores for Vietnamese-speaking children
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2019
Van Thai Nguyen, Lagle Lehes, Thi Thuy Hang Truong, Thi Van Anh Hoang, Triin Jagomägi
The Vietnamese language which is an analytic language is a part of the Mon-Khmer branch belonging to the Austroasiatic language family. Some differences between English and Vietnamese are depicted in Table 2 (42). A syllable in Vietnamese can become a word or a sentence (42). The syllable structure is single consonants in onset and coda positions, with a vowel in the nucleus (43). There are 18 consonants, 16 vowels and six tones. Four consonants/m, n, ŋ, ɲ/, which are written as ‘m’, ‘n’, ‘ng (ngh)’, ‘nh’, are nasal consonants. All nasal consonants could be either an initial or a final consonant. The labial consonant/m/and alveolar consonant /n/ are similar to the English ones. The velar consonant /ŋ/ is ‘created with the blade of the tongue moving backward and the back of the tongue contacting the velum’. The palatal consonant /ɲ/ is ‘produced with the back of the tongue rising toward the hard palate and touching it’ (44). None of the vowels are nasalized.
Speech outcome in young children born with unilateral cleft lip and palate treated with one- or two-stage palatal repair and the impact of early intervention
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2019
Liisi Raud Westberg, Lena Höglund Santamarta, Jenny Karlsson, Jill Nyberg, Erik Neovius, Anette Lohmander
As expected, almost all children had canonical babbling at one year of age (8,9). However, the consonant sound use was restricted regarding inventory with few different consonants and low occurrence of oral stops with dental/alveolar placement compared to peers without cleft palate as seen in earlier studies (8,9). Consistent with previous findings, the low occurrence of oral stop consonants with dental/alveolar placement at one year of age was significantly lower in children treated with a one-stage palatal closure after the assessment as compared to the children treated with a two-stage protocol who had the soft palate closed before the assessment (1–3,8,9). This is expected since consonant production with the entire palate unoperated during the first year of life is performed without the possibility to create necessary intraoral pressure for oral stop consonants. With the soft palate closed early in a two-stage procedure, it is possible to produce oral pressure sounds at least behind the opening in the unoperated hard palate, i.e. at a velar place, where sufficient intraoral pressure may be obtained (6,7). Similar to the findings by O’Gara and Logemann (4) the whole group (i.e. both OS and TS) used mostly nasal consonants or glides with labial or posterior placement.
Validity of test stimuli for nasalance measurement in speakers of Jordanian Arabic
Published in Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 2018
Fadwa A. Khwaileh, Firas S. D. Alfwaress, Ann W. Kummer, Ma’moun Alrawashdeh
Normative data were first established for English speakers using three standardized passages; the Zoo Passage (27), the Rainbow Passage (28), and Nasal Sentences (14). The Zoo Passage contains only oral phonemes and is suitable to determine whether adequate and sustained closure of the velopharynx throughout connected speech can be achieved (7). The Rainbow Passage contains both oral and nasal phonemes in a proportion similar to that of a daily conversation. The Nasal Sentences contains a high proportion of nasal consonants (i.e. 35% of its sounds are nasal phonemes) and they have proven useful to detect the presence of any obstruction of the nasopharynx and nasal cavity. Such obstruction would prevent the transmission of nasal acoustical energy resulting into what the listener perceives as hyponasality (7).