China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Voice and Speech Production
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Paul Carding, Lesley Mathieson
Affricates are a combination of plosion and fricative articulation. A common example is the affricate consonant heard at the beginning and end of the word ‘church’. It begins with the plosive t and then the tongue moves to the position for the fricative sh. The plosive is followed immediately by the fricative noise but is heard as one consonant sound. There are only two affricate sounds in English (ch and dj, as in the beginning and ending sounds in ‘church’ and ‘judge’), and both are articulated with the tongue tip and alveolar.
Acquisition of consonants among typically developing Akan-speaking children: A preliminary report
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2020
Wendy Kwakye Amoako, Joseph Paul Stemberger, Barbara May Bernhardt, Anne-Michelle Tessier
Akan consonants include stops, nasals, fricatives, affricates, glides/approximants and a lateral, occurring across [Labial], [Coronal] and [Dorsal] places of articulations (Table I). Only stops and affricates have voiced and voiceless counterparts; all fricatives are voiceless, and all sonorants are voiced. The only rhotic in Akan (/ɹ/) allows approximant, tap, and trill variants ([ɹ, ɾ, r]), and also occurs in free variation with /d/ and /l/ in the speech of some speakers of the Asante and Fante dialects, e.g. akɔlaa “child”/àkɔ̀láá/[àkɔ̀dáá] ∼ [àkɔ̀ɹáá] (Dolphyne, 1988). Although Abakah (2004, p. 46) maintains that “/l/ is a true consonant of Akan,” some scholars have expressed doubts, because /l/ occurs mainly in borrowed words like lɔɔre “lorry” /1988), and occurs in relatively few words. All consonants can occur in both word-initial (WI) and word-medial (WM) positions, except for the rhotic, which occurs only in intervocalic position (in the Asante and Akuapem dialects). The standard analysis of Akan assumes that there are no consonant clusters in the language. The sonorants /m, n, ŋ, ɹ, w/ can be syllabic, with syllabic /m/ being the only word-final consonant in the Asante dialect (Abakah, 2005); syllabic consonants are not investigated in this paper (but see Amoako, 2020).
A comparison of phonological and articulation-based approaches to accent modification using small groups
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2021
Carol A. Tessel, Jenna Silver Luque
The pattern of stopping was one that was addressed (in different ways) by both groups. The phonology group directly addressed stopping by using contrasts to demonstrate the differences between stop and fricative consonants. In contrast, the articulation group used motor-based cues to assist the participants in producing the four targeted fricative consonants accurately, therefore avoiding the pattern of stopping. Interestingly, the pattern of stopping, as well as the pattern of deaffrication, were found to be more prevalent in the post-treatment recordings for both groups. This was likely the result of productions of a more atypical nature being more abundant in the pre-treatment recordings. Subsequently these atypical productions were then exchanged with more typical cross-linguistic transfers, in turn increasing the prevalence of stopping and deaffrication. For example, during the pre-treatment recordings, one participant produced a few affricates either with an additional vowel after the sound or inserting a vowel in between the stop and fricative portions of the affricate, while in the after recordings the participant was more likely to simply use deaffrication. Variable productions of affricates for the participants in the articulation group are not so unexpected, as they did not specifically target these phonemes, but the phonology group spent one whole session on the two English affricates. It maybe that affricates require greater emphasis and a motor based approach due to their marked nature and to assist speakers of languages like Spanish in distinguishing the two English affricates when their language has only one.
Age-related changes in segmental accuracy and error production in Korean-English bilingual children: implications for clinical speech sound assessment procedures
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2018
Jae-Hyun Kim, Elaine Ballard, Clare McCann
The English stops and affricates have voicing contrast (/p, b, t, d, k, g, tʃ, dʒ/), such that, for example, /paɪ/ and /baɪ/ represent different meanings. English fricatives could be said to be more complex than Korean, in terms of their place of articulation (/f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/). Both English and Korean have /n, m, ŋ/, and the phonotactic constraints on them are similar. Both languages also have /l/. In Korean /l/ is produced as [l] in word final position but as [ɾ] in intervocalic position (Ahn, 2009), while it is always produced as the lateral in English. The rhotic consonant, /ɹ/, is unique to English. The glides /j, w/ are phonemes only in English. They are allophones of high vowels in Korean (Ahn, 2009; Kim, 1968).