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Polymer Materials for Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Iriczalli Cruz Maya, Vincenzo Guarino
Zein is a vegetable protein found in the endosperm of corn that has been explored for tissue engineering and drug delivery application due to its excellent biocompatibility (Dong et al. 2004; Zhang et al. 2016). The amino acid sequence is characterized by hydrophobic and neutral amino acids, and sole polar amino acids. Due to its composition, zein is a hydrophobic protein, which may contribute to controlling the material degradation for tissue engineering, and allowing longer and sustained release of drugs as carrier (Ali et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2016).
Relation of Antigliadin Antibodies to Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy
Published in Tadeusz P. Chorzelski, Ernst H. Beutner, Vijay Kumar, Tadeusz K. Zalewski, Serologic Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, 2020
Wim Th. J. M. Hekkens, Marja van Twist - de Graaf
Freedman et al.34 tested the reaction of two monoclonal antibodies against unfractionated gliadin with several prolamin proteins. The antibodies reacted with gliadin, gliadin subfractions except ω-gliadin, and prolamins from rye and barley. The reaction with avenins and zeins was less pronounced. The two monoclonal antibodies reveal different band patterns of wheat, rye, barley, oats, and maize prolamins.
Transcriptionally Regulatory Sequences of Phylogenetic Significance
Published in S. K. Dutta, DNA Systematics, 2019
Zein, a major storage protein of corn, is transcribed from two promoter regions (P1, and P2) into RNA of distinct sizes, ranging from 900 bp for mature mRNA to 1800 bp for the smallest precursor. These promoters, separated by about 1 kb of AT rich sequence, appear to be independently active in vivo and in vitro and may serve as double starts. When injected into Xenopus oocytes, however, P2 is preferred in initiation of transcription. The sequences of these two promoters are (1) CAAT … TATAAT … P1 … ATGCCTAATGG and (2) CAAAAT … TATATAT … P2 … ACCTATAATATTTT.68
Nano-liposomal zein hydrolysate for improved apoptotic activity and therapeutic index in lung cancer treatment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Sahand Mazloum-Ravasan, Maryam Mohammadi, Elaheh Madadi Hiagh, Alireza Ebrahimi, Joo-Hyun Hong, Hamed Hamishehkar, Ki Hyun Kim
Zein is obtained as a by-product of corn starch processing and so that 45-50% of corn protein is composed of it. Due to the negative nitrogen balance and poor solubility in water, zein isolate is not directly applicable for human consumption (Shukla & Cheryan, 2001). Also, zein is widely used in nano drug delivery systems due to its good biocompatibility (Yu et al., 2020). Protein hydrolysis improves the function of a protein by modifying the protein, which involves chemical and biological changes that alter the physicochemical and functional properties of the protein by changing the structure of the protein (Yalcin & Çelik, 2007). Zein hydrolysate (ZH) has been shown to possess many beneficial effects, including antihypertensive (Miyoshi et al., 1991), anti-inflammatory (Liang et al., 2018), and antioxidant (Tang et al., 2010) effects, and it can relieve or reduce the risk of many chronic diseases (Ashaolu, 2020).
Beta carotene-loaded zein nanoparticles to improve the biopharmaceutical attributes and to abolish the toxicity of methotrexate: a preclinical study for breast cancer
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Ashay Jain, Gajanand Sharma, Varun Kushwah, Gargi Ghoshal, Atul Jain, Bhupinder Singh, U. S. Shivhare, Sanyog Jain, O. P. Katare
Nowadays, scientists are showing interest in amphiphilic molecules based nano-sized drug delivery systems owing to their unique core–shell structures, and their ability to transport through cell membranes. Additionally, the core of the self-assemble system of amphiphilic polymer offers an ideal compartment for various bioactives especially hydrophobic substances to load within it [21]. Zein is a naturally abundant major corn protein. Unlike most natural materials, it is amphiphilic, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds in its molecule, where over 50% of the amino acid in it is hydrophobic. An amphiphile, such as zein, has the ability to self-assemble into different structures, including spheres, sponges and films [22–25], thus used extensively to enclose various bioactives such as citral [23], α-tocopherol [26], vitamin D3 [27], flax oil [28] and essential oil [29]. Nowadays, zein is widely using by food and pharmaceutical industries due to its ease of availability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, good bioavailability and low cost [26].
In vitro survival of Bifidobacterium bifidum microencapsulated in zein-coated alginate hydrogel microbeads
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Tahreem Riaz, Muhammad Waheed Iqbal, Muhammad Saeed, Iqra Yasmin, Hinawi A. M. Hassanin, Shahid Mahmood, Abdur Rehman
Zein proved to be the best protective agent and prevent the diffusion of bile salt and acids. Reasonably high survival of B. bifidum was just because of limited diffusion of bile salt in encapsulated material that’s why the bacteria were able to maintain cell viability. Zein coating around alginate beads develops a complexation which reduces the porosity of alginate microbeads and reduces the release of encapsulating material in harsh gastric conditions. Arslan and Mustafa encapsulated peppermint oil in zein-Gum Arabic nanoparticles and reported that the zein coated nanoparticles exhibited promising results in low pH and bile salt conditions (Arslan et al.2015). In another study, L. salivarious was microencapsulated and results presented that free bacterial cells completely died after 40 min while the encapsulated cells showed their viability even after 4 h in bile salt and gastric conditions (Yao et al.2017). The protection of viable cells may be due to protective material that resists harsh conditions in stomach. Brinques and Ayub reported that microencapsulation of probiotics exhibited better results when exposed in bile salt, they found 0.6 log CFU/mL cell reduction. These results may be due to film formation by proteins that allows limited entrance of bile salt (Brinques and Ayub 2011). Various researchers (Filippidi et al.2014, Donsì et al.2017) used zein to develop microcapsules and found that maximum viability was obtained by microencapsulation as compared to free cells. Chen and co-authors investigated that zein based microencapsulation of limonene (a flavour oil). They reported that zein has low solubility characteristics so that it can be used when controlled delivery of product is desirable and it reduces the degradation process of bioactive compounds (Chen et al.2018).