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Urolithiasis
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Forms of phosphate:Basic CaP (apatite)Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite)Rarely tricalcium phosphate (whitlockite)
Animal Models for Studying Soft Tissue Biocompatibility of Biomaterials
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Considering the above mentioned, the conclusion appears to be justified that materials only have to be tested in the environment in which they finally will be applied. This is confirmed by Semmelink,28 who describes the induction of granuloma and plasma cell formation after the subcutaneous implantation of β-whitlockite particles. In contrast, in an osseous environment bone formation is observed without an immuno-response after only one week.
Chemistry of Mature Enamel
Published in Colin Robinson, Jennifer Kirkham, Roger Shore, Dental Enamel, 2017
Colin Robinson, Jennifer Kirkham, Steven J. Brookes, Roger C. Shore
Driessens and Verbeek35,36 have extended these arguments even further to suggest the presence of very small amounts of different minerals associated with the magnesium and carbonate present in enamel. The chemical data, they claim, is consistent with small amounts of a whitlockite- or dolomite-like phase. The amounts present would be insufficient to be visible by electron microscopy. However, on the basis of Ca:P ratios and carbonate analysis, Woltgens et al.37 suggested that while the crystals were essentially apatitic, two distinct phases were present, differing only in the amount of carbonate they contained.
Ultrastructural analysis of the submandibular sialoliths: Raman spectroscopy and electron back-scatter studies
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2020
Dmitry Tretiakow, Andrzej Skorek, Jacek Ryl, Joanna Wysocka, Kazimierz Darowicki
Similar results are also described by other authors. The powder and single-crystal electron diffraction patterns demonstrated that Ca- and P-based electrolytes tended to crystallize in a hexagonal crystal structure close to that of hydroxyapatite. The presence of Mg in the mineralized regions suggests the formation of whitlockite, although the phase has a minor presence and could not be detected by the powder and single-crystal electron diffraction experiments.29,31 The study demonstrates that hydroxyapatite is not at all the main constituent, the majority of them are constructed with other apatites, among them are amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate and carbonated apatite and whitlockite. The inner part of sialoliths is thinly stratified by apatites and/or proteins according to their history of creation and their growth.32