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Amatoxin
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Prevention of mushroom poisoning should center on education of the general public about the correct identification of edible mushrooms from poisonous species, and avoiding consumption of mushrooms of uncertain identity. In particular, Amanita phalloides (Euro-Asian death cap) resembles several edible species (e.g., paddy straw mushroom [Volvariella volvacea] in Asia, Caesar's mushroom and puffballs), increasing the risk of accidental poisoning. Similar to Euro-Asian death cap, Volvariella sp. possesses a volva at the base of the stem and the gills do not reach the stem. However, Volvariella has no ring on the stem, the gills are pale pinkish-brown rather than white, and the cap is more brown to greyish and conical.
Selected Functional Foods That Combat the Effects of Hyperglycemia and Chronic Inflammation
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
According to a report in the International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, management of Type 2 diabetes by delaying or preventing glucose absorption, using natural products, is gaining significant attention. The reported investigation aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of aqueous extracts of selected culinary–medicinal mushrooms, namely, Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom), Calocybe indica (abbreviated “C. indica”) also known as milky mushroom), and Volvariella volvacea (straw mushroom), using in vitro models (α-amylase inhibition assay, glucose uptake by yeast cells, and glucose adsorption capacity). The most active extract was subsequently examined in vivo using the oral starch tolerance test in mice.
In vitro Anti-colorectal Cancer Potential of the Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki in Hyperglycemic Condition: Impact on Oxidative Stress, Cell Cycle and Apoptosis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Meng-Fei Lau, Kek-Heng Chua, Vikineswary Sabaratnam, Umah Rani Kuppusamy
Cancer cells are adapted to oxidative stress via a redox buffering network with miscellaneous antioxidants (41). The antioxidants constitute several active defense systems that are implicated in drug resistance and oncogenic signals. Reduced glutathione (GSH), an endogenous antioxidant, is crucial for acclimating cancer cells to chronic acidosis (42). Its content in CRC cells (Caco 2, SNU 407, SNU 1033, HCT 116, HT 29) was about 150–200 µM which surpassed the basal amount of normal FHC cells (43). Such a trend was consistently observed, as shown in Figure 3. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) contributes an exclusive cytosolic NADPH pool for the regeneration of GSH (44). The activation of PPP is glucose-dependent (45), and thus, an increased GSH level under HG culture was anticipated (Figure 3). Nevertheless, upon treatment with Chl fraction, the GSH levels of HCT 116 and HT 29 cells were inhibited. In such a scenario, the Chl fraction might severely compromise the cellular capacity to cope with oxidative stress at hyperglycemic conditions. Other medicinal mushrooms with comparable inhibitory effects include Calvatia lilacina (46), Pleurotus ostreatus and Volvariella volvacea (47). The GSH-depleting activity has led to cell death by increasing chemosensitivity in many gastrointestinal carcinomas such as HT 29, LS 180, LOVO, SW 837, SW 1116, and AsPC-1 (48,49).
Role of Mushroom as Dietary Supplement on Performance of Poultry
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019
Sohail Hassan Khan, Nasir Mukhtar, Javid Iqbal
Mushrooms are fruiting bodies of fungi that are known to offer several benefits such as fast growth, improved health, and increased resistance to and protection from pathogens (Guo, Savelkoul, Kwakkel, Williams, & Verstegen, 2003). This fungal kingdom possesses certain natural advantages in terms of their dietary superiority over the rest of the vegetarian platter: (a) good protein content (20%–30% of dry matter) with all the essential amino acids, making them capable of substituting for meat; (b) chitinous wall to act as a source of dietary fiber; (c) high vitamin B content; (d) low fat content; and (e) virtually no cholesterol (Ghorai et al., 2009). Total lipid content varies between 0.6% and 3.1% of the dry weight in the commonly cultivated mushrooms, and at least 72% of the total fatty acids were unsaturated in the four tested mushroom varieties: Lentinus edodes, Volvariella volvacea, Agaricus bisporus L., and Pleurotus Sajor Caju (Huang, Yung, & Chang, 1985); linoleic acid accounted for 76%, 70%, 69%, and 63%, respectively, of total fatty acids in these tested mushroom varieties.
Induced mutation in Agaricus bisporus by gamma ray to improve genetic variability, degradation enzyme activity, and yield
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Tayebeh Harfi, Motallebi-Azar Alireza, Rasouli Farzad, Zaare-Nahandi Fariborz
One of the best rays for inducing mutations is gamma rays. In eukaryotic cells, gamma rays can break the DNA molecules and make changes in target purine and pyrimidine bases. Cobalt 60, Cesium 137, and Technetium 99 are sources for gamma rays (Djajanegara and Harosyo 2006). Like other crops, the use of mutation inducers has been reported in mushrooms. Rasouli et al. (2014) identified and isolated a mutant strain (M24-1) unable to produce spores by UV mutation on the white button mushroom mycelium. Isolation of improved strains for morphology and yield is one of the purposes for mutation induction in edible mushrooms. Djajanegara and Harosyo (2006) used gamma-ray at a dosage of 0.75 KG and found a mutant strain having more fruit body number with higher pin diameter and fresh and dry weights based on isozyme analysis utilizing enzyme markers. Rashid et al. (2016) showed that in low-dosage gamma treated oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju), the spawn running rate was slower than at higher dosages, and it could increase the number of fruit bodies. Sermkiattipong and Charoen (2014) treated the mycelia of Volvariella volvacea using gamma radiation (0.25–1.5 KG) and observed that mutants had more fruit bodies number and earlier than the main strain. Another important goal for mushroom breeding is to improve the substrate degrading ability and therefore to decrease the costs and improve the efficiency of compost, which could be achieved by mutation (Chakravarty 2011). Mushrooms generate some lignin-degrading enzymes (laccase, lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, etc.) to accelerate the degradation of lignocellulosic substrates (Dashtban et al. 2010). Kim et al. (2012) evaluated 67 gamma-rayed protoplasts of Pleurotus eryngii, and finally, five strains showed higher cellulose and laccase activity. In the present study, spores of the white button mushroom were treated by gamma irradiation and qualitative and quantitative attributes were evaluated in some variants in two separate experiments. Some selected variants were evaluated and superior variants were indicated and selected in the first experiment. In the second experiment, 15 superior variants were cultured on three different substrates to evaluate their traits, such as substrate degrading activity, and an SRAP marker was employed for the assessment of variants that were selected based on morphological traits in the second experiment.