China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Non-Metastatic Esophageal Cancer with Enlarged Carinal Lymph Nodes with Previous Sleeve Gastrectomy
Published in Savio George Barreto, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Dilemmas in Abdominal Surgery, 2020
Apurva Ashok, Devayani Niyogi, Sabita Jiwnani, George Karimundackal, C.S. Pramesh
There have been no reports of increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma post sleeve gastrectomy. Hence the risk factors remain the same as those carried by the general population, including tobacco/smoking, alcohol, caustic injury, consumption of hot beverages, smoked food, and genetic alterations.
Upper GI surgery
Published in Philip Stather, Helen Cheshire, Cases for Surgical Finals, 2012
Diet (salted fish, preserved meat nitrates) Familial H. pylori Pernicious anaemia Blood group A Chronic atrophic gastritis SmokingLocal (direct invasion into adjacent structures) Lymphatic spread as in metastasesVirchow’s node − Troisier’s sign (enlarged supraclavicular lymph node on the left side) Sister Mary Joseph nodules (periumbilical metastases) Ascites Hepatomegaly Jaundice Paraneoplastic syndromes (acanthosis nigricans, dermatomyositis)Bloods (FBC, U+Es, LFTs, calcium profile, tumour markers) OGD and biopsies CT/MRI for staging Positron emission tomography (PET) scanUpper GI surgeons Gastroenterologist Radiologist Pathologist Specialist nurse Oncologist Palliative care team Gastric cancer typically presents initially with vague symptoms of abdominal discomfort, indigestion, and loss of appetite, and may progress to weight loss, bleeding, and dysphagia. It is more common in patients who eat smoked food, have H. pylori, and smoke.
Other Tumours of the Colon and Rectum
Published in Peter Sagar, Andrew G. Hill, Charles H. Knowles, Stefan Post, Willem A. Bemelman, Patricia L. Roberts, Susan Galandiuk, John R.T. Monson, Michael R.B. Keighley, Norman S. Williams, Keighley & Williams’ Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon, 2019
The origin of SBA is multifactorial. The most important risk factor for SBA is a pre-existing adenoma, either single or multiple in association with one of the multiple polyposis syndromes.10 Several genetic alterations appear to be involved in SBA carcinogenesis: KRAS mutation was found in 14%–57% of SBA, p53 overexpression in 40%–67%, 17p loss in 38%–67%, 18q loss in 18%–30%, high levels of microsatellite instability in 15%–45%, APC mutation in 8%–18%, abnormal beta-catenin in 7.4%–48% and HER2 over-expression in 1.7%–3.9%.8 In patients affected by familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), SBA represents the most common primary cancer with an incidence of approximately 5%.10 Furthermore, in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, the incidence of SBA is higher than in a normal population and cancer origins from the intra-epithelial neoplasia observed in hamartomatous lesions. Furthermore, in Lynch syndrome, there exists a higher risk of SBA, but the lifetime cumulative risk is low and varies between 0.6% and 1%.11 Crohn’s disease and coeliac disease appear to be a predisposing factor for SBA. The chronic intestinal inflammation induced by Crohn’s disease releases cytokines that interact with the cell surface and receptors to promote carcinogenesis. The cumulative risk of SBA is strictly related to the duration of Crohn’s disease (0.2% after 10 years and 2.2% after 25 years of disease).12 In addition to genetic and predisposing conditions, some lifestyle factors, including smoking, alcohol, red meat or smoked food consumption and low intake of fish, fruits and vegetables, appear related to the carcinogenesis of SBA.
Alterations of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters under diabetic conditions: what is the potential clinical significance?
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2018
Feng Chen, De-Yi Li, Bo Zhang, Jie-Yu Sun, Fang Sun, Xing Ji, Jin-Chun Qiu, Robert B. Parker, S. Casey Laizure, Jing Xu
CYP1A1/-A2 catalyzes the transformation of some therapeutic agents such as theophylline, olanzapine, tizanidine, and melatonin. For example, a larger proportion of participants in the diabetes group was found to be with the highly inducible CYP1A2 genotype, and accordingly, the CYP1A2 enzyme activity, as determined by caffeine metabolism was higher in the T2DM group (Urry et al. 2016). The CYP1A2 enzyme activity also mediated the oxygenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic aromatic amines/amides producing carcinogenic arene oxide, diolepoxide, and other electrophilic reactive species, which form DNA and protein adducts leading to tumor formation and toxicity (Ma and Lu 2007). Thus, diabetic patients exposed to tobacco smoke, automobile exhaust, and smoked food; they are particularly vulnerable to the metabolic activation of these carcinogenic chemicals by altered CYP1A enzymes.
Chronic low dose exposure of hospital workers to ionizing radiation leads to increased micronuclei frequency and reduced antioxidants in their peripheral blood lymphocytes
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Zothan Siama, Mary Zosang-zuali, Annie Vanlalruati, Ganesh Chandra Jagetia, Kham Suan Pau, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
The present study revealed a higher MNBNC frequency in the males (53.42 ± 3.40) of exposed group than females (43.71 ± 3.87) that was not statistically significant. This is interesting given the effect of gender in radiation sensitivity is ambiguous and there are contrasting earlier reports where females have shown higher number of micronuclei than the males (Fenech et al. 1994; Bonassi et al. 1995). This may be due to various genetic, internal factors such as hormonal effects as well as external factors and epigenetic interactions. For instance, estradiol has been reported to protect against radiation-induced damage in women (Rong et al. 2018). Our results did not show any association between the MNBNC frequency and lifestyles of the participants including alcohol consumption, betel nut chewing and tobacco chewing, as well as the family history of cancer. The frequency of MNBNC was significantly higher among smokers of controls when compared to non-smokers. Certain demographic factors such as gender, diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption have been reported to influence the MN frequency earlier (Fenech et al. 1999; An and Kim 2002). Micronuclei in lymphocytes are caused by breaks in the double-strand DNA and thus considered to be particularly important in biology as their repair is intrinsically more difficult than the other types of DNA lesions (Khanna and Jackson 2001; Medvedeva et al. 2007). The MNBNC frequency in healthy non-exposed individuals in the present study was also higher than the range reported in some earlier studies (Demirel et al. 1997; Maffei et al. 2002; Joseph et al. 2004; Ropolo et al. 2012). This may be due to various environmental, lifestyle and dietary factors of Mizos who regularly eat smoked food including pork, consume tobacco, betel nut, and alcohol. Despite this, our results are in conformation with other studies that have reported similar MN frequency in controls (Thierens et al. 2000; Cardoso et al. 2001).
The evolving management of small bowel adenocarcinoma
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2018
Eelco de Bree, Koen P. Rovers, Dimitris Stamatiou, John Souglakos, Dimosthenis Michelakis, Ignace H. de Hingh
In contrast to colorectal cancer, studies on the pathogenesis of SBA are constrained by the rarity of the disease. Alcohol consumption and smoking have been associated with an increased risk of SBA. Other studies have reported an increased risk among high consumers of sugar, refined carbohydrates, red meat or smoked food, while a reduced risk was observed with higher intake of coffee, fish, fruit and vegetables [10].