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Adipose Tissue (Adipokinome), Skeletal Muscle (Myokinome), and Liver (Hepatokinome) as Endocrine Regulators During Exercise
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Logan K. Townsend, Greg L. McKie, Hesham Shamshoum, David C. Wright
Humans have a remarkable capacity to regulate body weight despite marked fluctuations in energy intake over time. In the early 1950s it was hypothesized that there was a mechanism to explain how the body achieves this. Since adipose tissue maintains its mass over long periods, it was thought that there must be a homeostatic signal to decrease energy intake and increase energy expenditure in times of excessive energy storage (63). This mechanism is now commonly referred to as the lipostatic set-point theory, and the hypothesized regulatory signal is the adipose tissue–derived hormone leptin (from the Greek word leptos meaning thin).
Benzodiazepines as anxiolytics
Published in Adam Doble, Ian L Martin, David Nutt, Calming the Brain: Benzodiazepines and related drugs from laboratory to clinic, 2020
Adam Doble, Ian L Martin, David Nutt
Another partial agonist, pagoclone, has recently been tested in panic disorder where it displayed some efficacy in a small cross-over study, significantly reducing the number of panic attacks (Sandford et al, 2001). If these preliminary results are confirmed in a larger double-blind trial, then this may cause a reappraisal of the set-point theory as this predicts relative inactivity of partial agonists as in panic they sit nearer the set-point (Figure 9.2). Sideeffects seen with pagoclone were relatively minor, consistent with the partial agonist concept (and rather different from those with bretazenil).
Energy balance and its regulation
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
According to the “set point” theory, body weight control mechanisms operate to maintain a fixed level of body fat stores. If volunteers are weighed accurately every day for a period of months, then one finds that even though their weight may be unchanged over the period; nevertheless, their day-to-day weight does tend to fluctuate and seems to oscillate around a “set point”. This is analogous to the oscillations in temperature that occur in a room where the temperature is controlled by a thermostat. During periods of illness or food restriction the weight decreases. During times of feasting weight tends to increase. However, when normal conditions are restored, the subject’s weight tends to return to the “set point”. Similar observations have been made in animals. Even rats that have been made obese by damage to a brain centre that helps control energy balance seem to control their body weight to a set point, albeit a higher set point than in normal animals. Unfortunately, as we will see in the next chapter, over the course of adulthood the set point of many people seems to drift upwards so that the majority of middle-aged Europeans and Americans become overweight or obese.
Student loans, mental health, and substance use: A gender comparison among US young adults
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Building on the stress process model, we propose two ways in which student loan debt can affect subsequent health and well-being. First, student loans may represent a short-term shock whose effects are short-lived and gradually dissipate over time. This corresponds to a crisis model and is in line with set point theory.27 That is, individual well-being is more responsive to the instantaneous shock brought about by important life events. If this is the case, then the newly added student loans in the current year—regardless of the debt that has been piled up previously—may represent a particularly important source of stress in shaping individual well-being. Alternatively, the chronic strain model derived from the life course perspective suggests that biography matters.28 This model therefore predicts that the debt cumulated throughout college years would lead to chronic strain and in turn pose mental health and behavioral challenges for young adults. Distinguishing between the two models—the crisis model and the chronic strain model—is one contribution of this study.
Thermoregulatory reflex control of cutaneous vasodilation in healthy aging
Published in Temperature, 2021
Jody L. Greaney, Anna E. Stanhewicz, S. Tony Wolf, W. Larry Kenney
Historically, descriptions of human thermoregulatory control have borrowed from systems engineering control theory, i.e. the control of continuously operating dynamical systems. While this analogy, often described as set-point theory, is not without its drawbacks, it does provide insights into thermoregulatory control characteristics [20]. Briefly, an “error signal” deviation from a “set point” results in the initiation of, or increases in, efferent signaling. As the stimulus increases, this signal is turned on at a threshold proportional to the error signal. Once activated, the gain (or sensitivity of the response) is a proportional value that reflects the relation between the magnitude of the input signal (in this case, mean body temperature, b) and the magnitude of the output signal (SSNA and CVC/sweat rate). Retrospectively applying this control theory approach, we tested the hypothesis that the b threshold for activation of SSNA would be increased, but, consistent with our previous studies [8,12,13], the sensitivity of the response (gain) would be reduced, in healthy older compared to young adults.
Lessons learned from a pilot intuitive eating intervention for college women delivered through group and guided self-help: qualitative and process data
Published in Eating Disorders, 2022
C. Blair Burnette, Alexandria E. Davies, Suzanne E. Mazzeo
Regarding what was most beneficial for participants, two mentioned shared experience, e.g., “I think every single session at least one woman mentioned she was helped by hearing she was not the only one who had a particular experience.” Another leader perceived learning about set point theory helped participants be open to interoceptive awareness. Finally, one leader reported “hearing group leaders’ examples from their personal lives” helped participants. Regarding what was least helpful, one leader noted she felt less connected to participants when sessions involved more psychoeducation than discussion.