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Hair Coloring
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Persulfates react slowly with water and are therefore supplied as dry powders either in single-use foil packettes or in larger drums for salon use. Recent formulation developments have attempted to limit user contact with the powdered persulfates, which can be irritating when inhaled. For example, the per-sulfates can be encased in a water-soluble package. Some of the versatility of this system is, however, lost with such products.
Skin Tests and Specific IgE Determinations in the Diagnosis of Contact Urticaria and Respiratory Disease Caused by Low-Molecular-Weight Chemicals
Published in Ana M. Giménez-Arnau, Howard I. Maibach, Contact Urticaria Syndrome, 2014
Kristiina Aalto-Korte, Outi Kuuliala, Eva Helaskoski
Exposure to persulfates is of relatively high importance.[5] At Helsinki University Central Hospital, seven hairdressers were positive in prick testing with 2% ammonium and potassium persulfates in aqua. Six of them had skin symptoms with or without rhinoconjunctivitis and one had respiratory symptoms without skin symptoms.[12] Although small prick test reactions without clinical significance have been seen,[11] the present literature supports the use of prick testing in the diagnosis of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to chlorhexidine together with assays for specific IgE.[11,13,14]
Corrosives
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
The following sulfur oxides occur as atmosphere contaminants: sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) along with the products of their reactions with water, sulfurous acid (H2SO3), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4), respectively. Sulfur monochloride (S2Cl2) and thionyl chloride (SOCl2) are used in industrial processes. A number of salts of sulfur oxides are used as bleaches, oxidizers, reducing agents, and cleaning agents. Their estimated fatal doses and exposure limits (if established) are as follows: sodium hydrogensulfate (sodium bisulfate, NaHSO4), 10 g; sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), 10 g; sodium hydrosulfite (sodium sulfoxylate, Na2S2O4), 30 g; sodium hydrogensulfite (sodium bisulfite, NaHSO3), 10 g, 5 mg/m3; sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5), 10 g, 5 mg/m3; sodium, potassium, or ammonium persulfate (Na2S2O8, K2S2O8, [NH4]2S2O8), 10 g, 0.5 mg/m3; sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), 50 g. Sodium hydrosulfite releases sulfur dioxide on contact with acids. Persulfate salts release ozone and sulfuric acid on contact with water.
Removal of malathion insecticide from aqueous solution by the integration of persulfate process and magnetite nanoparticles loaded on carbon (Fe3O4@CNT) in the presence of ultraviolet radiation
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Malektaj Eskandari makvand, Sima Sabzalipour, Mahboobeh Cheraghia, Neda Orak
In recent years, the use of persulfate has been considered owing to its high solubility in water, stability at room temperature, nonselective reaction with pollutants, and high oxidation strength. There are several methods for activating the persulfate and producing the sulfate radicals (Hashimoto et al.2005, Guan et al.2013), such as the transition methods (Anipsitakis and Dionysiou 2004), ultraviolet radiation (Jaafarzadeh et al.2015), ultrasound (Su et al.2012), thermal method (Yang et al.2010), and carbon-dependent catalysis (Jaafarzadeh et al.2016). Some metals including Co, Fe, Cu, and Mn have been widely exploited in the transition method as sulfate activators Equation (1):