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Introduction to dermatological treatment
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
Treatment of acute rashes. Resting the skin is important in any acute or extensive skin disease. Going to bed is a helpful treatment in its own right. It is the basis for most in-patient treatments but can often be done just as well at home (by this we mean actually going to bed and not just lying down on the sofa, as the latter will not stop the patient from pottering about). Sedating antihistamines (promethazine or alimemazine) may be needed to keep the patient resting in bed. Localised acute rashes should also be rested. If the patient has an acute blistering rash on the feet, it will not get better unless he stops walking around. A patient with an acute hand eczema is unlikely to get better while continuing to do the washing up. The more acute the rash, the more bland the treatment needs to be. If in doubt, white soft paraffin is unlikely to do any harm and will keep the patient comfortable.
Petrolatum: Conditioning Through Occlusion
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski
Generally, the most practical knowledge of the composition of petrolatum is based on the amounts of solid and liquid components in the material. The solid components are obviously mineral waxes (e.g., paraffin and microcrystalline wax), while the liquid component is a heavy mineral oil. [It should be noted, however, that even this border between the solid wax hydrocarbons and liquid mineral hydrocarbons "is neither definite nor scientific" (16). One can easily identify many saturated hydrocarbon molecules which melt at or near ambient temperatures.] The paraffin waxes are commonly recognized as paraffinic components, due to their brittleness. This lack of ductility arises from the ease by which the paraffinic molecules can align themselves and crystallize, due to the overall lack of significant branching. On the other hand, microcrystalline waxes are isoparaffinic, will not crystallize easily due to molecular branching, and so are not as brittle as the paraffin waxes.
Common Cosmetic Ingredients: Chemistry, Actions, Safety and Products
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Many protective skin care products contain paraffin (also called petrolatum or petroleum jelly), which is a purified semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons from a mineral source. Paraffin exists as yellow and white variants (white soft paraffin being a bleached version of yellow soft paraffin). Thicker ointments contain soft paraffin, while thinner creams and lotions generally contain liquefied paraffin.
Investigating the effects of dermal exposure to in-vivo animal models on the riot-control properties of a powder formulation of Tragia involucrata leaf hair lining
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2023
Trishna Mani Nath, Sanghita Das, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
Major organs like lung, skin, kidney, and stomach were immediately cut into proper shapes and fixed in neutral phosphate-buffered 10% formalin. Tissues were washed and processed for histology by dehydrating with ethanol of varying concentrations (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100%) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) and cleared with xylene (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA). After being dipped in molten paraffin wax, the tissues were embedded in paraffin blocks. A fully automated microtome, model 1010-SMT-118 (Spencers Company), were used to section paraffin-embedded tissues at a thickness of 6 µm. Haematoxylin and Eosin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) were used to stain tissues such as the skin, lung, kidney, and stomach. However, Congo Red (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA), and Toluidine blue (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) staining of skin tissue was performed. Images were taken while stained sections were viewed through an optical microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Images of the test and control groups were compared [25].
Effect of drug load and lipid–wax blends on drug release and stability from spray-congealed microparticles
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Hongyi Ouyang, Soon Jun Ang, Zong Yang Lee, Tze Ning Hiew, Paul Wan Sia Heng, Lai Wah Chan
Hydrophobic carriers, in particular solid lipids, have been increasingly used to achieve taste-masking, modified-release, and increased stability of drugs. However, there are very limited studies on the use of paraffin wax in oral dosage forms, where it can potentially be used as a hydrophobic matrix material in spray congealing to modify drug release or enhance the stability of drugs. Conventionally, paraffin wax comprises a mixture of n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, and cyclo-alkanes that is obtained from crude oil through high-pressure hydrogenation. It is not commonly employed to develop pharmaceutical dosage forms due to reservations regarding its quality. More recently, pharmaceutical-grade paraffin wax (Ph. Eur/USP-NF) has become available as the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) process is utilized to yield hydrocarbon chains from syngas (Sasol 2022). After subsequent distillation and hydrogenation, paraffin wax of a particular chain length can be produced. One major advantage is that such paraffin wax has higher chemical purity, characterized by linear molecular chains and very low iso-alkane content. This would translate into consistent and predictable properties, ideal for use in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The advent of FT paraffin wax has potentially provided opportunities for its use in drug delivery systems and the interest in this wax for drug encapsulation by spray congealing. A previous study explored its ability to taste mask a bitter drug by exploiting the hydrophobic nature of the wax (Ouyang et al. 2018).
Exposure to 4-methylimidazole as a food pollutant induces neurobehavioral toxicity in mother and developmental impairments in the offspring
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Fereshteh Mehri, Ahmad Salimi, Zhaleh Jamali, Farzad Kahrizi, Mehrdad Faizi
Mice were anesthetized by ether. The tissue sections were prepared in order to investigate the microscopic variations due to toxic effect of 4-MEI. Briefly, in order to fixation of the obtained tissues, tissues were washed by physiologic serum and put them in bouin’s fixative solution for 18 h. The dehydrating stages were done by the alcohol replacement with cellular and tissues water. Then toluene is used for extracting alcohol. Paraffin was added to tissues by the way the tissues are inserted in the paraffin bath and oven. Finally, the paraffinic bands were cut with thickness of 10 micrometer by microtome (Emami et al.2013). Tissue sections were dewaxed and stained with H&E staining method that was described previously by Onishchenko et al. (Drury and Wallington 1980). The pathological abnormalities were observed under light microscopy with (×1000) magnification.