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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Palm oil is the cheapest of all the major edible oils and fats. There are two types of oil obtained from the fruit: oil from the flesh of the fruit and oil from the kernel inside the nut (palm kernel oil). The latter is primarily used for the oleochemical industry, although it does have some food applications. The oil from the flesh of the fruit can be separated into liquid and solid fractions (olein and stearin, respectively). From these, the refining industry produces various types of palm oil for different applications. Palm oil and palm oil products are commonly used in the food manufacturing industry (273). Palm oil has equal proportions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids are represented by palmitic acid (44%) and stearic acid (5%). Unsaturated fatty acids are represented by oleic acid (37%), a monounsaturated fatty acid, and linoleic acid (9%), a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. The minor components of palm oil also vary depending on the conditions of refining. Crude palm oil is rich in carotenes, tocopherols, tocotrienols, sterols, and squalene (273). Concerning palm oil and health, some studies gave contradictory results on CVDs. Some authors concluded that palm oil had no adverse health consequences. However, studies that have compared the effects of palm oil with other oils have reported adverse effects on heart health of both palm oil and hydrogenated oils (273). Therefore, it is prudent not to consume palm oil too often or in large quantity.
Humectants in Personal Care Formulation: A Practical Guide
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Today, glycerin is manufactured chiefly from fats and oils that have been hydrolyzed, transesterified, or saponified. The glycerin that is recovered is in the crude state and undergoes further "purification" through distillation or by an ion-exchange process. Glycerin is also synthesized from propylene. Fats and oils that are tallow- and vegetable-derived (from coconut oil or palm kernel oil) are both used with about equal availability. Trends toward more use of natural products have caused more manufacturers to produce vegetable-derived glycerin. While there are many grade or purities of glycerin, the chief ones used in personal care formulation are > 95% purity and usually 99%. These amounts are based on the pure glycerol content of the material (8).
Ethnobotanical Survey for Managing Selected Non-Communicable Diseases
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt, Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
Godwin Ojochogu Adejo, Sunday Ene-Ojo Atawodi, Kingsley Okoyomoh
Water was popular medicinal plant extraction medium or vehicle known to the Igala people. Only in very few medicinal plants, palm kernel oil was used, but mainly as a topical application medium rather than for extraction. Dosage regimen commonly ranged from 150 to 250 mL for orally administered medicines while topical applications were simply liberal. Although most presented doses are for adults, yet children and teenagers are administered doses of same preparations by scaling-down prescribed adult doses. However, these are usually subject to the individuals’ discretion, which are mostly inaccurate. Administration period was mostly 1–4 weeks, while some are continued until complete cure was observed. Oral route of administration was mostly used (71%), followed by topical (22%) while the least was inhalation and sub-cutaneous application.
Response surface modeling of reductions in uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilms on silicone by cranberry extract, caprylic acid, and thymol
Published in Biofouling, 2018
CB is widely used for the prophylaxis of UTIs because of its ability to inhibit UPEC adhesion to surfaces (Ferrara et al. 2009; González de Llano et al. 2015). However, treatment with CB alone is not enough to eradicate preformed UPEC biofilms. Recently, it was found that a combined treatment of CB, CAR, and TM resulted in synergistic bactericidal effects and detachment of UPEC biofilms formed on silicone coupons within 1 min of exposure (Kim et al. 2017). CAR is an eight-carbon medium chain fatty acid naturally present in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and breast milk (Sprong et al. 2001), and its site of action is the bacterial membrane (Desbois and Smith 2010; Kim and Rhee 2013). Membrane damage by CAR not only results in bacterial death but can also accelerate the entry of antimicrobial compounds (ie organic acids in CB and phenolic compounds in TM) into the cytoplasm, providing an additional means of killing cells (Kim and Rhee 2016). TM, the major component of oregano essential oil (Chien et al. 2016), perturbs the lipid fractions of bacterial membranes and disintegrates the outer membrane (Marchese et al. 2016), resulting in reduced bacterial numbers and detachment of biofilms from surfaces.
An evaluation of crude palm oil (CPO) and tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) of palm oil as percutaneous permeation enhancers using full-thickness human skin
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Inderjeet Singh, Rajesh Sreedharan Nair, Suyin Gan, Victor Cheong, Andrew Morris
Fats and oils have been used by humans as food, fuel, cosmetics and medicines since ancient times. One important member of the fat and oil family is palm oil. Palm oil is extracted from the fruit of the oil palm of which the two main species are Elaeis guineensis and Elaeis oleifera and are native to West Africa and South America respectively (Sambanthamurthi et al. 2000). Palm oil and palm kernel oil are obtained from the mesocarp and the kernel (seed) respectively of the oil palm fruit (Edem 2002). The oil obtained from the mesocarp is edible whereas the kernel oil has wide applications in the oleochemical industry (Matthäus 2007; Rupilius and Ahmad 2007). CPO is derived from the mesocarp of the oil palm fruit by direct compression whereas refined palm oil (RPO) is the commercially available palm mesocarp oil which is obtained by bleaching, deodorisation and neutralisation of CPO (Sundram et al. 2003). The composition of the vitamin E obtained from CPO is unique as it consists of 74.4% tocotrienols and 25.6% tocopherols by weight (Kua et al. 2016). Tocotrienols are not commonly found in vegetable oils in such large quantities, with the other main exceptions being rice bran and corn oil (Qureshi et al. 2000). Tocopherols and tocotrienols exist in four different isoforms namely alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), and delta (δ). An important product of CPO is the TRF. As the name suggests, TRF is a palm oil derivative which contains a very high content of tocotrienols and has been shown to exhibit wide pharmacological activities such as anticancer, cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects (Qureshi et al. 1991; Sen et al. 2007; Aggarwal et al. 2010; Alayoubi et al. 2013).
Effects of saturated versus unsaturated fatty acids on metabolism, gliosis, and hypothalamic leptin sensitivity in male mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Jesús Fernández-Felipe, Maria Valencia-Avezuela, Beatriz Merino, Beatriz Somoza, Victoria Cano, Ana B. Sanz-Martos, Laura M. Frago, Maria S. Fernández-Alfonso, Mariano Ruiz-Gayo, Julie A. Chowen
Here we have employed diets consisting of normal rodent chow enriched with high-oleic acid sunflower oil or palm kernel oil, fats that are commonly ingested in our diets and that are rich in unsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids, respectively. The effects of eight weeks of these diets on weight gain and metabolic parameters, as well as modifications in the hypothalamic metabolic circuits and inflammatory markers were investigated.