China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
When the three fatty acids are identical, triglycerides are called homotriglycerides. For example, olein is a triglyceride formed by three oleic acids; stearin, by three stearic acids. Triglycerides are fats and oils in animal and vegetable foods and make up more than 95% of lipids in the diet (67–68). When the esterification of glycerol occurs at one or two alcohol groups, the glyceride formed is called monoglyceride or diglyceride, respectively. However, triglycerides are the most abundant in fat and oil. All glycerides are water insoluble. Vegetable oil is liquid at room temperature because its triglyceride contains a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids; while fat of animals such as pig, cow, and poultry, is solid because its triglyceride contains a high proportion of saturated fatty acids. However, fat in fish and seafood is liquid because their triglycerides are formed by glycerol with omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA) that are unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, fish oil supplement and cod liver oil extract are in liquid form.
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chemical constituents — Flowers contain sugar, cellulose, albuminous substances, ash, and water. Dried flowers contain 50 to 60% sugar; seed contains 50 to 60% of fatty oil, called bassia oil, consisting of olein and palmitin, linolein, and stearin; a bitter principle, probably saponin, albumen, gum, starch, mucilage, and ash. Ash contains silicic, phosphoric, and sulfuric acid, lime, iron, potash, and traces of soda. Juice contains caoutchouc, tannin, starch, calcium oxalate, gum, resins, and formic and acetic acid. Oil is a mixture of 80% of stearin (separated crystals of stearic acid) and 20% of olein. Leaves contain a glucosidic saponin different from that obtained from seeds. Traces of an alkaloid have also been found. Flowers contain a fairly good quality of sugar, enzymes, and yeast and are commercially used for production of fuel alcohol. The fruit contains saccharose and maltose, tannin, and enzymes. It yields 0.03% of an essential oil containing 22.7% of ethyl cinnamate.50,178
Lingual Lipase
Published in Margit Hamosh, Lingual and Gastric Lipases: Their Role in Fat Digestion, 2020
A comparison of the two purification techniques (Tables 8 and 9) shows a relatively low extent of purification, the specific activity increasing only 6.57-fold and 8.9-fold in the two studies (Field and Scow and Roberts, et al., respectively). It is difficult to compare the exact lipase activity levels in the three different studies, because each group used different lipase assay techniques. Hamosh et al.139 used a long-chain triglyceride emulsion containing tri 3H-olein and an assay system composed of 5mM triglyceride, 50 mM sodium citrate-Na2HPO4 buffer, pH 5.4, and 70 μM bovine plasma albumin (free fatty acid acceptor). Enzyme preparations were tested at a concentration of 10 μg protein per assay. Incubation was for 30 min at 37°C and the extent of lipolysis was quantitated by measuring the amoung of 3H oleic acid released.146 Field et al. also used a tri 3H-olein emulsion as substrate (at a final concentration of 3.75 mill), but their assay system differed in that the buffer was tris-maleate (125 mM, pH 5.4), the fatty acid acceptor was 3.3 mM CaCl2, and the reaction was carried out in the presence of 17 mM taurodeoxycholate. Incubation was for 2 min at 37°C and quantitation of lipolysis was by measurement of 3H oleic acid released. Roberts et al. used several assay procedures; however, the most widely used procedure employed tributyrin as substrate. Lipolysis was carried out at pH 7.0 or pH 6.0 (which are not optimal for the activity of lingual lipase) and the extent of substrate hydrolysis was quantitated by pH-Stat titration of the butyric acid released.
Optimization of lipid materials in the formulation of S-carvedilol self-microemulsifying drug-delivery systems
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Qi Zhang, Kunkun Guo, Xin Wang, Baolin Huang, Zimin Lin, Zheng Cai
Six lipids with representative structures were selected as the oil phase: oleic acid, Peceol, olein, Labrafil M1944CS, soybean lecithin, and α-tocopherol (Table 1). Tween 80 and ethanol were chosen as the surfactant and cosurfactant, respectively, and the drug loading was 10 mg/g. On the basis of preliminary experiments, S-CAR SMEDDSs F1–F6 (corresponding to the above oil phases, respectively) were obtained by mixing lipid, surfactant, and cosurfactant at the same ratio of 3:4:3 and formulations are shown in Table 2. In a typical procedure, the prescription amount of lipid, surfactant, and cosurfactant were weighed and vortexed for 5 min to mix completely, and then drug-free SMEDDSs were obtained. S-CAR SMEDDSs were prepared in the same way, except that a prescription dosage of S-CAR was added into the above mixtures and vortexed to be absolutely dissolved.
Health Effects of Coconut Oil—A Narrative Review of Current Evidence
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
No long-term human trials on blood pressure were identified in the peer-reviewed literature; however, flow-mediated dilation showed no effect after consumption of RBD-CO versus sunflower oil used as a cooking media in 200 adults with previously diagnosed coronary artery disease (CAD) (45). A similar study found borderline significant postprandial effects in CAD patients, suggesting a possible decrease in blood vessel elasticity (56). Two earlier studies reported no significant differences in blood pressure between RBD-CO and soybean oil consumption after 7 days (57) and 3 months (58). When compared to the same dose of virgin olive oil or palm olein (30% fat calories into a high-protein Malaysian diet) no significant differences were observed on the effects of the three test-fat diets on thromboxane B2 (TXB2), TXB2/PGF1α ratios, and soluble intracellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules. The olive oil diet did induce significantly lower plasma leukotriene B4 (LTB4) as compared to the other two diets, whereas PGF1α concentrations were significantly higher at the end of the palm olein treatment (59). The food matrix may also play an important role, as evidence suggests that an individual’s diet may have a significant influence on the human microbiome.
A review of botany, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Ferulago angulata
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2019
Zahra Lorigooini, Masomeh Koravand, Hedayat Haddadi, Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei, Hamzeh Ali Shirmardi, Zohreh Hosseini
The antioxidant activity of F. angulata was confirmed in studies on the effect of F. angulata extract (Rafieirad et al. 2014) and pulverized F. angulata (Govahi et al. 2013) using animal models. F. angulata can help boost the body immunity through exerting antioxidant activity in the blood serum (Govahi et al. 2013). The antioxidant activities of F. angulata essential oil (Hosseini et al. 2012, Pirbalouti et al. 2013, Golfakhrabadi et al. 2015, Pirbalouti 2016) and extract (Hosseini et al. 2012) have been observed in vitro as well. In food industries, F. angulata antioxidant activity is used to increase the shelf life of soybean oil (Sadeghi et al. 2016), dairy products (Darderafshy et al. 2014), vegetable oil (Khanahmadi and Janfeshan 2006), and the mixture of sunflower seed oil and palm olein (Alizadeh et al. 2016). F. angulata, as a dietary supplement, has been also reported to help improve the growth performance and carcass characteristics in broiler chicks; however, the action mechanisms of supplementation particularly on lipids metabolism of the intestine has not yet been sufficiently known (Sadeghi et al. 2016). These studies have indicated that F. angulata can be used as a nature-based antioxidant and food supplement in food and pharmaceutical industries (Hosseini et al. 2012, Sadeghi et al. 2016).