China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Personal Weight Loss Strategies in Obesity
Published in Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra, Psychology of Eating, 2019
Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra
High-intensity sweeteners (or low-calorie sweeteners) are sweeteners which are many times sweeter than sugar but contain either no calories or very few calories. High-intensity sweeteners which are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as food-additives include saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, neotame, and advantame (see the FDA website for information on high-intensity sweeteners). The FDA has received GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) notices for steviol glycosides and Luo han guo (or Monk fruit) extracts, and presently does not have additional questions regarding their GRAS status. This essentially means that the applications for the use of these sweeteners did not raise any red flags, but there is presently not enough data on their use to officially approve their use. See the Table 12.3 which compares the sweetness of different sweeteners to table sugar (modified from “Additional Information about High Intensity Sweeteners”, 2018).
Dry eye disease: an (in)convenient truth
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Azadeh Tavakoli, Judith Louise Flanagan
Non-caloric Artificial sweetners (NAS) are used to improve food colour, taste, texture, appearance and durability and are many times sweeter than sugar making them a cheap and popular sugar alternatives.50 Because of their low calorie content, NAS are among the most used food additives worldwide and are considered safe and healthy. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved five NAS for human use: saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame‐K, and neotame. There is some evidence that NAS alter gut microbial communities, leading to glucose intolerance in rodents and the human body51–54 with attendant disregulated energy harvest and immunity.51 Animal model studies show that consumption of commonly used NAS formulations drives development of glucose intolerance through induction of compositional and functional alterations to the intestinal microbiota,55 with additional altered faecal metabolite profiles56 leading to increased weight gain.57 These changes subsequently lead to the inflammatory response, dysbiosis and metabolic disorders.
Maternal consumption of artificially sweetened beverages during pregnancy is associated with infant gut microbiota and metabolic modifications and increased infant body mass index
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Isabelle Laforest-Lapointe, Allan B. Becker, Piushkumar J. Mandhane, Stuart E. Turvey, Theo J. Moraes, Malcolm R. Sears, Padmaja Subbarao, Laura K. Sycuro, Meghan B. Azad, Marie-Claire Arrieta
As reported by Bian et al.30,31 in two studies with adult mice, and by Nettleton et al.45 in a study on dams and their offspring, ASB has been shown to alter gut bacterial community composition (increase of Bacteroides and reductions of Lactobacillus and Clostridium) and increase body weight in parallel with an enrichment of energy metabolism bacterial genes. The functional cluster analyses by Bian et al.30,31 revealed activation of genes related to carbohydrate absorption and increases in metabolic pathways related to glycolysis and sugar and xylose transport.30 Sucralose treatment resulted in an increase in bacterial pro-inflammatory mediator genes in mice.31 Likewise, Chi et al.38 found that consumption of the artificial sweetener neotame altered the alpha- and beta-diversity of mice gut microbiome, and led to a decrease in butyrate synthetic genes and changes to the fecal short chain fatty acids cluster.
Consumption patterns of nonnutritive sweeteners among university students at a Caribbean institution
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Marquitta C. Webb, Dana Chong, Sa’eed Bawa
NNS originate from several different classes of chemicals, which imitate the taste of sugar by interacting with the taste receptors in the mouth.3,5 These NNS provide the sweet taste that people desire without adding calories with their sweetness exceeding the sweetness factor of sucrose by 30 to 13,000 times.3,5 The United States Food and Drug Administration (FederalDrugAdministration (FDA)) has approved six (6) NNS, which are added to food and beverage products to increase the palatability of nutrient dense foods and beverages leading to a better diet quality.6 These NNS are saccharin, sold under the brand names Sweet Twin®, Sweet'N Low®, and Necta Sweet®; aspartame, sold under the brand names Nutrasweet®; Equal®, and Sugar Twin®; acesulfame-K, with the brand names Sunett® and Sweet One®, sucralose, sold under the brand name Splenda®; neotame, with the brand name Newtame®; and advantame.7 Additionally, the FDA has approved and established acceptable daily intake for several NNS, namely, saccharin [5 mg/kg body weight (wt.)], aspartame [50 mg/kg body wt.], acesulfame-K [15 mg/kg body wt.], sucralose [5 mg/kg body wt.], neotame [0.3 mg/kg body wt.], and advantame [32.8 mg/kg body wt.].7 However, standard recommendations on the use of these NNS have not yet been established. Other NNS have been approved and used in some parts of the world, including alitame and cyclamates but have not been approved for use in the US by the FDA.8 Plant extracts, such as stevioside, luo han guo (monk) fruit extract, and rebaudioside A are also used in place of sugar.9