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The Treatment of Hypertension with Nutrition, Nutritional Supplements, Lifestyle and Pharmacologic Therapies
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Lycopene produces a significant reduction in BP, serum lipids and oxidative stress markers [2–14,235–241]. Its dietary sources include grapefruit, watermelon, tomatoes, guava, pink apricots and papaya [2–14,235–241]. In patients with grade I hypertension, tomato lycopene extract (10 mg lycopene/day) given for 2 months lowered BP by 9/7 mmHg (p < 0.01) [235,237]. Tomato extract administered to 31 hypertensive subjects over 3 months lowered BP by 10/4 mmHg [236]. Patients on antihypertensive agents including ACEI, CCB and diuretics had an additional significant BP reduction of 5.4/3 mmHg over 6 weeks when administered a standardized tomato extract [237]. A meta-analysis of the effect of lycopene on SBP showed a significant BP-reducing effect (mean SBP change ± SE: −5.60 ± 5.26 mmHg, p = 0.04) [240]. The doses ranged from 10 to 25 mg/day of lycopene in these trials [240]. Other studies have not shown changes in BP with lycopene [238]. The recommended daily intake of lycopene is 10–25 mg in food or in a supplement form, but it is not clear which has the best effect on BP and CVD risk [241]. However, present data suggest that supplemental forms of lycopene are superior for BP reduction [241].
Effects of Food Processing, Storage, and Cooking on Nutrients in Plant-Based Foods
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
The main carotenoids found in human tissues are beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene. Carotenes are characterized by possessing long carbon chains with unsaturated double bonds that are responsible for providing color. Beta-carotene is naturally orange in color and is one of the most common precursors of vitamin A. Alpha-carotene is found in orange vegetables (pumpkins, carrots, and squash). Alpha-carotene has one fewer double bond than beta-carotene, which makes it paler in color than beta-carotene, and lycopene has one more, thus responsible for its intense red color. Lycopene is found in tomatoes, watermelon, grapefruit, and papaya. Xanthophylls are derivatives or carotenes containing oxygen, which are naturally yellow orange in color. Xanthophylls are found in leafy greens such as spinach, kale, and Swiss chard (Figures 2.4–2.6).
Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Lycopene is not an essential nutrient for humans but is commonly present in the diet, particularly in food items prepared from tomatoes. Although classed as a carotene based on its chemical structure, lycopene has no vitamin A activity. After ingestion, in the small intestine lycopene is thought to be incorporated into lipid micelles formed from bile acids and dietary fats which solubilize the hydrophobic molecule, thus allowing it to permeate the intestinal mucosal cells via a passive transport mechanism. Interestingly, crushing and cooking tomatoes (as in the canning process) and serving as a component of oil-rich dishes (e.g., pizza or spaghetti sauce) has been shown to increase absorption from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. As lycopene is fat-soluble, the oil in such meals is thought to aid absorption.
The effect of lycopene on hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Aysegul Karaca, Seval Yilmaz, Emre Kaya, Serdar Altun
Lycopene is one of the most important non-enzymatic antioxidant agents that are not synthesised in the human body and derived from the consumed foods. Since lycopene a long-chain structure and contains conjugated double bond, it shows antioxidant activity. In biological membranes, lycopene is a superoxide radical (O2.−) scavenger. It is reported that lycopene exhibits antioxidant properties by eliminating oxygen radicals such as retinol, α-tocopherol and carotenoids, and its antioxidant activity against lipid peroxidation is higher than retinol, α-tocopherol, and carotenoids. Lycopene is protective against the oxidation of DNA, proteins, and lipids. It is determined that lycopene plays a role in important biological processes such as anti-cancerogenic, growth factors, some hormones, and signal transmission of cytokines, cellular communication, strengthening the bonds between the cells, and improving cell metabolism along with its antioxidant features (Stahl and Sies 1996, Roa et al. 2006, Sadek et al. 2018, Sahin et al. 2018, Hedayati et al. 2019).
The role of lycopene for the amelioration of glycaemic status and peripheral antioxidant capacity among the Type II diabetes mellitus patients: a case–control study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Hui Eng Leh, Mastura Mohd Sopian, Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar, Lai Kuan Lee
The study was designed to evaluate the role of lycopene in modulating glycaemic status, and the degree of peripheral antioxidative capacity among the patients with T2DM. This study was the first within our knowledge to investigate the influence of dietary lycopene intake, instead of tomato consumption, on glycaemic control and oxidative stress. The data from this study suggested that dietary lycopene intake among the diabetic population was 0.04mg/kg body weight/day. The reported daily lycopene intake was insufficient according to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.05 mg/kg body weight of lycopene per day [12]. The unsatisfactory intake of lycopene may be due to the different dietary eating patterns driven by the cultural boundaries. Reported findings from the Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS) showed that white rice, marine fish, green leafy vegetables, bread, biscuits and traditional delicacies are the routine food items among the tested populations [13]. Lycopene is a red pigment found predominantly in fruits and vegetables notably tomatoes, pink guava and grapefruits, and tomato-derived products, not limited to spaghetti, pizza, tomato juice, tomato sauce and minestrone soup.
Double-loaded liposomes encapsulating lycopene β-cyclodextrin complexes: preparation, optimization, and evaluation
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2020
Of the 721 carotenoids identified so far (Nupur et al.2016), lycopene, an important carotenoid found in tomatoes, watermelon, pink grapefruit, and many other natural sources, possesses potent antioxidant, photoprotective, hepatoprotective, and hypolipidemic activities (Saini and Keum 2018). The total global market share of lycopene is around 7.4% (USD 107 million). The structural features of lycopene impart the ability to inactivate free radicals. It has attracted a lot of attention as a potent antioxidant due to its high physical quenching rate for singlet oxygen (Mahantesh and Patil 2011). Lycopene reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, in addition to reducing cholesterol in blood, improves endothelial function, and prevents early atherosclerosis along with a number of cardiovascular diseases (Hertog et al.1993). It also shows anti-inflammatory and antimutagenic activities (Bernier et al.1989). Low serum levels of lycopene are associated with age-related macular degenerative disorder (Richelle et al.2010). Lycopene has been shown to reduce risks of certain malignancies, especially prostate cancer (Saoji et al.2016). It has also exhibited inhibitory effects in metastatic lung cancer (Ried and Fakler 2011). It can, thus, significantly reduce risks of carcinogenesis and atherogenesis.