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Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Shiitake is the Japanese name of the edible mushroom Lentinus edodes, a species of the genus Lentinus, belonging to Agaricomycetes class in Basidiomycota phylum. L. edodes (shiitake) has been renowned in Japan and China as a food and medicine for thousands of years. The cultivation of shiitake is likely quite ancient (60). Nowadays, shiitake is the second most cultivated mushroom in the global market after white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), and its value is attributed not only to its nutritional potential but also to possible therapeutic applications (60–66). In Asia, the main cultivation materials of L. edodes are hard wood or its sawdust (64). Wild L. edodes grows in abundance on fallen wood of a wide variety of deciduous trees in warm, moist climates, such as shii, oak, chestnut, beech, and maple (61–62). Shiitake has a brownish to dark-brown cap and white stem with a distinctly smoky taste (61–62). Fresh and dried shiitake are important ingredients in Chinese and Japanese cuisine, with heat cooking. Shiitake has recently gained popularity in North America, Europe, and elsewhere for its nutritional and medicinal values (61).
Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
The antiviral properties of aqueous and methanolic extracts of edible mushroom species: Lentinula edodes Berk. (shiitake), Boletus edulis Bull. (porcini) and Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. (black shimeji or oyster mushroom) were evaluated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (Santoyo et al. 2012). The aqueous extracts of mushrooms were able to significantly inhibit the replication of the virus in vitro, whereas the methanolic extracts exhibited a lower antiviral activity for all components evaluated. The β-glucan compounds present in the polysaccharide fractions showed greater antiviral activity than the complete aqueous extracts, except for B. edulis Berk. in which other compounds (probably chitin-binding lectins) may have contributed to the observed activity (Santoyo et al. 2012).
Medicinal Mushrooms
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Temitope A. Oyedepo, Adetoun E. Morakinyo
The antimicrobial property of several mushrooms has been documented and the most susceptible Gram-positive bacteria to mushroom inhibitory action are Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococos aureus (Alves et al., 2012; Ezeronye, et al., 2005; Ofodile et al., 2008; Oyetayo, 2009; Ramesh and Manohar, 2010; Waithaka et al., 2017). For example, ethanol and methanol extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus, a common edible mushroom, were able to inhibit Bacillus cerreus, Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, and other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria just as it also inhibited fungi (Vamanu et al., 2013). Methanolic extract of Fistulina hepatica successfully inhibited Proteus vulgaris, E. coli (Giri et al., 2012). Similarly, P. ostreatus inhibited S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. vulgaris and E. coli. Acetone extract of Ganoderma lucidum was found to be as effective as gentamycin sulfate against bacteria (Yamac and Bilgili, 2006). Furthermore, the ability of Lentinula edodes extracts to improve oral health has been extensively studied because it has a strong bactericidal effect upon Streptococcus mutans, the bacteria which is strongly indicated for dental caries and tooth decay (Signoretto et al., 2013).
Shiitake dermatitis: experience of the Poison Control Centre Network in France from 2014 to 2019
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
David Boels, Chloé Greillet, Jérôme Langrand, Magali Labadie, Gaël Le Roux, Luc de Haro, Juliette Bloch, Sandra Sinno-Tellier
The shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes), an edible fungus originally from Asia, has become very common on the European market in recent years, especially in France where it is cultivated and produced [1]. Shiitake is also believed to have therapeutic properties against certain cancers, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia, or to stimulate the immune system [1,2]. Shiitake is marketed in Europe as a dietary supplement in the form of dry extract in capsules, some of which are concentrated in lentinan, KS2, AC2P, and beta-glucan polysaccharides [3]. Lentinan is currently used as an adjuvant therapy to conventional cancer treatments (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery) in Japan and China [4,5]. However, to date, no marketing authorisation as a medication has been granted in the European Union. Eating the mushroom raw or undercooked causes, in some people, a skin eruption called flagellum dermatitis, due to its rather characteristic topography: a part or often the whole body is covered with linear, highly pruritic lesions, as if the person had been flagellated [6–9]. There is no specific treatment and the toxic dermatitis regresses in 2–3 weeks [8,10]. Shiitake dermatitis is thought to be related to the presence of lentinan in the mushroom, but the mechanism of toxicity remains unclear. We previously presented 15 shiitake dermatitis cases reported to Poison Control Centres (PCCs) in France from January 2000 to December 2013 [8].
Induced mutation in Agaricus bisporus by gamma ray to improve genetic variability, degradation enzyme activity, and yield
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Tayebeh Harfi, Motallebi-Azar Alireza, Rasouli Farzad, Zaare-Nahandi Fariborz
Beejan and Nowbuth (2009) produced high-yielding strains of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) through gamma irradiation, but they were not successful with UV irradiation. Dan (2010) treated the spore suspension of P. eryngii mushroom by UV irradiation and isolated 11 mutants with significantly higher yields than the main strain, two of which had 34 and 35% more yields. Liyun et al. (1997) used UV-induced mutation in Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) to breed two isolates with higher and earlier yields. Adebayo et al. (2014) used UV-induced mutation in Pleurotus pulmonarius to show an improvement in the performance of mutant strains over wild (parent) ones, especially a mutant at 90min exposure (LAU 90). To improve the strains of straw mushroom for high yield, Bangyeekhun et al. (2020) exposed the mycelium of the mushroom to UV-induced mutagenesis. After UV treatment, seven fast-growing strains were selected for further analysis. Mushroom cultivation experiments revealed that the biological efficiency of four of the new strains was approximately 30% higher than that of the parental strain. Genetic characterization by RAPD analysis revealed that the genome was altered in the mutant strains.
Consumption of β-glucans to spice up T cell treatment of tumors: a review
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2018
Priscilla de Graaff, Coen Govers, Harry J. Wichers, Reno Debets
Numbers of studies report changes in immunological parameters. For instance, a study by Albeituni and colleagues reported on administration of WGP in NSCLC patients which resulted in decreased frequencies of MDSCs in blood (Table 4) [98]. Oral ingestion of Lentinus edodes mycelia extract (LEM) in patients with gastrointestinal cancer was accompanied by an increased frequency and activity of NK cells in blood [99]. The binding of lentinan, the β-glucan found in Lentinus edodes and in LEM, to CD14+ monocytes appeared to correlate with an improved quality of life as observed in patients with colorectal cancer [97]. Furthermore, an increase in total leukocyte count was found in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma who received carboxymethyl-glucan [100], and an increase in monocyte count was observed in breast cancer patients who received Imuneks β-glucan [101]. Besides changes in frequencies of immune cells, Imuneks also resulted in decreased levels of IL-4 and increased levels of IL-12 in serum from breast cancer patients, measured during two courses of chemotherapy [102].