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The Physiology of Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism in the Human Intestine
Published in Victor R. Preedy, Ronald R. Watson, Alcohol and the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2017
The relationship between rate and luminal concentration is exemplified by the assimilation of lactose and its hydrogenated derivative, lactitol. Because lactitol is not absorbed to any appreciable extent in the human small intestine, regardless of the oral load given, it will be rapidly fermented by luminal microflora18 and at a dose high enough to elicit a laxative effect.19 Lactose can be hydrolyzed by P-galactosidase to galactose and glucose which are absorbed; however, in lactase-deficient patients, a bolus of lactose will cause diarrhea,20 whereas 24 h nasogastric infusion of lactose-containing enteral diets does not.21 The difference can be explained by the fact that in alactasic patients brush-border p-galactosidase is never entirely absent but is insufficient to hydrolyze a lactose bolus (high load) within the orocecal transit time. During continuous infusion, load is low and residual p-galactosidase activity is not saturated by luminal concentration at that rate of delivery.
The place of a ketogenic diet in the treatment of resistant epilepsy: a comprehensive review
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Patients should be warned about hidden carbohydrate sources. Permitted excipients; aspartame, cellulose, gelatin, glycerol, paraffin, hypromellose, lactulose, sucralose, xanthan gum. Not recommended excipients; dextrin, fructose glucose, lactitol, lactose, maltodextrin, mannitol, sucrose, sorbitol, starch, xylitol [67]. Although glycerol is included in a class of permitted excipients, there is also a study that does not agree with it [68]. Although glycerol is a part of carbohydrate metabolism, it is also produced from fatty acids [69]. Given the physiological nature of glycerol production and its (usually) low contribution as an excipient in medicines, the amount of exogenous glycerol can be neglected. Therefore, it was judged acceptable for use in KD [67]. Finally, special care should be taken when prescribing liquid formulations labeled as sugar-free. It is possible that some sugar-free medicines contain excipients such as sorbitol sucrose, which are not recommended in KD [68].
Effect of gal/GalNAc regioisomerism in galactosylated liposomes on asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated hepatocyte-selective targeting in vivo
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2021
Hua Nie, Bo Qiu, Qi-Xuan Yang, Ying Zhao, Xiao-Min Liu, Ying-Ting Zhang, Fu-Lin Liao, Sheng-Yuan Zhang
To address this question, two kinds of galactosylated CHS derivatives, CHS-6-Gal and CHS-6-GalNAc, (with the glycosidic linkage from 6-Gal or 6-GalNAc to CHS, respectively) were designed and synthesized by lipase-catalysis. In vitro lectin binding and in vivo uptake characteristics of Gal-liposomes modified with CHS-6-Gal and CHS-6-GalNAc were investigated. We examined the tissue localization as well as intrahepatic distributions (i.e. to parenchymal cells (PC) or nonparenchymal cells (NPC) of Gal-liposomes) after intravenous administration in mice. The Gal-liposomes were fluorescence-labelled with doxorubicin (DOX). Gal-liposomes modified with CHS-1-Gal that contain a terminal lactitol (Lac) group, reported previously in our research (Nie et al.2015a), were employed as a control. We report here that CHS-6-Gal and CHS-6-GalNAc with glycosidic linkages from 6-Gal or 6-GalNAc showed efficient targeting to liver but with different mediation pathways (Scheme 1).
Dynamic analysis of human small intestinal microbiota after an ingestion of fermented milk by small-intestinal fluid perfusion using an endoscopic retrograde bowel insertion technique
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Toshihiko Takada, Daisuke Chinda, Tatsuya Mikami, Kensuke Shimizu, Kosuke Oana, Shiro Hayamizu, Kuniaki Miyazawa, Tetsu Arai, Miyuki Katto, Yusuke Nagara, Hiroshi Makino, Akira Kushiro, Kenji Oishi, Shinsaku Fukuda
A series of 10-fold dilutions of the test beverages or ileal fluids was prepared with sterilized PBS and spread on lactitol-LBS vancomycin (LLV) agar medium19 (for isolation of LcS) or TOS-MUP agar medium (for isolation of BbrY; TOS-Propionate agar base (Yakult Pharmaceutical Ind. [cat. no. 8-MJ54]) supplemented with lithium mupirocin (Merck KGaA [cat. no. 1. 00045.0010]) solution [50 mg/l]), respectively. The agar plates were incubated aerobically (for LLV agar plate) or anaerobically (for TOS-MUP agar plate) at 37°C for 72 h. Each type of colony was picked up and identified as LcS or BbrY by using strain-specific PCR-based assays.29,52 The number of LcS or BbrY per milliliter of ileal fluid was estimated from the number of colonies that were identified as LcS or BbrY. The survival rate of ingested strain from ileal fluid was calculated by using the following equation: