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Vitamins
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Vitamin B3† (nicotinic acid) is a component of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD, coenzyme I) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP, coenzyme II). The two coenzymes catalyze oxidation–reduction reactions that act as electron acceptors and hydrogenases. Niacin is derived from niacinamide or tryptophan and occurs naturally in most red meats, fish, poultry, dairy products, nuts, and vegetables. Niacin deficiency (pellagra, Ital. rough skin) is characterized by dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea (3Ds). It is often seen in chronic alcoholism, in malabsorption syndrome, and in patients receiving isoniazid (an antituberculosis antibiotic). Pharmacologically, nicotinic acid, but not nicotinamide, is effective in reducing serum lipids. In addition, it triggers peripheral vasodilation and increases blood flow by stimulating histamine release. These properties are distinct from its nutrient role. Consequently, nicotinic acid is useful in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia and in the management of niacin deficiency and pellagra.
Cultural awareness and transcultural issues
Published in Devinder Rana, Dominic Upton, Psychology for Nurses, 2013
Rastafarians believe in the natural healing process. Patient Jim was clearly adamant that he did not want a blood transfusion, so much so that even when he became very weak, he put his belief down in writing, irrespective of the prospect of his health becoming worse. Rastafarians regard the body as the temple of God, which should be protected from contamination (Baxter, 2002). This can range from eating only the most natural food that is fresh and pure, referred to as Ital, to the prohibition of pork, alcohol and predatory fish. In relation to medication, herbal remedies are opted for, along with the belief that the body can heal itself. Medical procedures and treatments are viewed as invasive because of the interference with God's plans (Baxter, 2002). Such beliefs differ among Rastafarians. As a result the nurse should individualise care and communicate as much as possible with the patient to assess what their particular beliefs are in regards to medical intervention as well as dietary requirements. In the case study it was clear that Jim lived his day-to-day life with the principles of Rastafarianism; this may not be the case for other Rastafarians.
Bibliography
Published in Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2019
V. The history of epidemics during the Renaissance, and chiefly the history of syphilis, have been made the subject of many important studies. Concerning the American origin of syphilis see I. bloch: Der Ursprung der Syphilis (2 vols., Jena, Fischer, 1901–11). The opposition to the theory of American origin was led by K. sudhoff: Über “mal Franzoso” in Italien in der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts, Verh. d. Ges. deut. Naturf. u. Arzte, 83. Vers. 2. Th. pp. 136–8 (Leipzig, Vogel, 1912); Graphische und typographische Erstlinge der Syphilisliteratur aus den Jahren 1495 und 1496 (Alte Meister der Medizin und Naturkunde, 4.) (Miinchen, Kuhn, 1912); and Der Ursprung der Syphilis, Internat. Congr. Med., 1913 (London, 1914), also trans., Bull. Soc. Med. Hist. of Chicago, 2:15, 1917. On the same problem see also K. dohi: Vorwort zu meiner Arbeit: Beitrage zur Geschichte der Syphilis, insbesonders in Ostasien, in J. of Dermat. and Urol., 24:9, 1924; H. U. williams: The Origin and Antiquity of Syphilis, Arch. of Pathol., 13:931, 1932; The Origin of Syphilis, Arch. of Dermat. and Syph., 33:783, 1936; E. B. krumbhaar: A Pre-Columbian Peruvian Tibia Exhibiting Syphilitic (?) Periostitis, A.H.M., 38, 1936; U. mantegazza: La sifilide alia fine del 400 e nella prima meta del 500 (Pavia, 1933); and M. truffi: La profilassi delle malattie veneree nei primi tempi dell’evo moderno, Arch. ital. di dermat. e sif., 2:3, 1926. An important contribution to this subject is G. vorberg: Über den Ursprung der Syphilis (Stuttgart, Püttmann, 1924). On the Haitian origin of syphilis see R. C. holcomb: Who Gave the World Syphilis? The Haitian Myth (New York, Froben Press, 1937). See also J. Am. Med. Assn., 109:156, 1937, and Mil. Surgeon, 84:109, 1939. On pre-Columbian syphilis in Europe, see M. gangolphe: Syphilis osseuse préhistorique, Gaz.méd. de Paris, 83:349, 1912; P. hildebrand: Syphilis im frühen Mittelalter, Münch. med. Woch., 72:442, 1925; and: Beschreibung eines Falles von Syphilis Congenita durch einen franzosischen Humanisten des 12. Jahrhunderts, Med. Klin., 20:1451, 1924. The essay of E. jeanselme: Sur l’origine de la syphilis, Rass. di studi sess., 8:57, 1928, contains case for the American origin.
Prevalence of healthcare workers fully vaccinated against hepatitis B without circulating antibodies in Italy and role of age at baseline cycle vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Francesco Paolo Bianchi, Pasquale Stefanizzi, Giovanni Migliore, Andrea Martinelli, Luigi Vimercati, Cinzia Annatea Germinario, Silvio Tafuri
Systematic searches were conducted in the Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases; records were ordered by best match. Research articles, clinical trials, and letters to the editor published between 1 January 2016 and 22 April 2022 were included in the search. The following terms were used for the search strategy: (healthcare worker* OR physician OR nurse OR resident OR student) AND (hepatitis B OR HBV) AND (Ital*). Studies in English or Italian were included. Abstracts without full-text, reviews and meta-analyses, original studies that did not report epidemiologic data (editorials, commentaries, etc.), studies in which susceptibility was evaluated by surveys or those in which only vaccination coverage was reported, all studies that focused on issues unrelated to the purpose of this review (vaccine hesitancy, vaccine knowledge, attitudes, etc.), and all studies not set in Italy were excluded. When necessary, authors of the eligible studies were contacted to obtain additional information. The references of all articles were reviewed to identify further studies. The list of papers was screened by title and/or abstract independently by two reviewers who applied the predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Discrepancies were recorded and resolved by consensus.
Iron hypothesis and coronary artery disease in geriatric patients
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2020
Hossein Mokhtari, Babak Bagheri, Mehdi Rasouli
Blood sample collection, serum preparations, and the measurements of lipids are described by Rasouli et al. (2008). Low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined using the new method of direct homogenous assay (Hoseini and Rasouli 2009). Total serum iron, TIBC, and UIBC were measured by direct homogenous assay using Ferene regent by auto-analyzer BT3000 Ital, Inc (Bagheri et al. (2016)). Ferritin was assayed by ELISA method using two-sided monoclonal antibody by ELISA-reader Awernec USA Inc. All kits were prepared by Pars-Azmon (Tehran, Inc) except of ferritin that was purchased by Pishtaz Teb, Iran, Inc. All other biochemical and hematological parameters were measured by routine laboratory methods.
Protein-losing enteropathy in an infant with rotavirus infection
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2018
Adriana Parisi, Alessandro Cafarotti, Roberta Salvatore, Piernicola Pelliccia, Luciana Breda, Francesco Chiarelli
Luciana Breda is a medical doctor of the Paediatric Department of Chieti and she is responsible of paediatric rheumatology outpatients' clinic of that department. Her research interests include general paediatrics and, above all, paediatric rheumatology. The author’s recent publications on related issues have appeared in the Lancet (2017), Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. (2016), Ital J Pediatr. (2016) and J Pediatr. (2016).