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Honey and Its Immunostimulatory Activities
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Honey in pure form comprises polyphenols, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, volatile constituents and anthraquinone (Islam et al., 2012; White, 1980; White et al., 1962). Monosaccharides are the most significant sugars in honey and may be responsible for most of the nutritional properties and physical outcomes of honey (Manyi-Loh et al., 2011). Besides monosaccharides, minor quantities of disaccharides (laminaribiose, galactose, gentiobiose and sucrose), trisaccharides (isomaltose glucose, maltotriose, isopanose, melezitose and centose) and oligosaccharides are found in honey (Sato & Miyata, 2000; Siddiqui & Furgala, 1967).
Exercise testing in diabetes
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume II – Exercise and Clinical Testing, 2022
Rob C. Andrews, Parth Narendran, Emma Cockcroft
If the exercise test cannot be conducted fasted or more than two hours after taking fast-acting insulin, then patients can take carbohydrate or adjust their insulin regimen to limit their risk of hypoglycaemia. A simple strategy to prevent hypoglycaemia is to replace the amount of carbohydrate used during exercise via oral supplementation. Doing this should mean that the glucose remains stable across the exercise. For moderate-intensity activity, 0.5 g·kg−1 ·hr−1 should be used, and for high-intensity activity, 1 g·kg−1 ·hr−1 should be used (Riddell et al., 2017). To prevent a large glucose rise at the start and then a fall across the duration of the exercise, carbohydrate should be ingested every 20 minutes and should be received in the form of high-glycaemic, rapidly digested and absorbed carbohydrates. Most people tend to use glucose-based products but there is emerging evidence that the addition of fructose or isomaltose can help to protect against hypoglycaemia (Scott et al., 2019b). If more than 90 grams per hour are needed, then a combination of carbohydrates will be needed because the gut cannot absorb more than 90 grams per hour of glucose. Using carbohydrate will influence the composition of any pulmonary gas exchange samples collected as well as affecting lactate production. This would impair the outcome as well as test-retest comparison of cardiopulmonary exercise tests. Therefore, for these short-duration tests, insulin adjustment is preferred.
StomachGastric Secretions, Motility, Digestion and Vomiting
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
A small degree of digestion occurs in the stomach. Digestion of carbohydrates depends largely on the actions of salivary α-amylase (ptyalin), which remains active until it is inactivated by gastric acidity. Oligosaccharides are split from amylopectin and glycogen. Starch is converted to maltotriose, maltose and isomaltose. The hydrolytic actions continue for about 30 minutes until the α-amylase is inactivated at a pH of 4.
Cellulolytic bacteria in the large intestine of mammals
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Alicia Froidurot, Véronique Julliand
Initially, this classification concerned cellulases, the enzymes that degrade cellulose.94 CAZymes are often multimodular, as they can contain several domains of different families. Cellulases are GHs that cut the β-1,4-d-glucose often associated with one or more CBMs, with the CBM being a noncatalytic protein or internal peptide attached to the catalytic domain. According to the CAZy database, cellulases are found in at least 16 GH families (GH5–9, GH12, GH44–45, GH48, GH51, GH74, and GH124). Cellulases are classified according to their mode of action (Figure 8): endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4), which access long molecules of cellulose and cleave at a random position in the chain; exoglucanases or cellobiohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.176), which cleave cellodextrins of defined sizes at the nonreducing ends and release cellobiose; and β-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21), which hydrolyze cellobiose or cellulo-oligomer (up to 6 molecules of glucose).90 These different types of cellulases work in synergy to completely hydrolyze crystalline cellulose. Few genes in the genomes of humans or other animals encode CAZymes. In the human genomes, 97 GHs were found, and the substrates used by these enzymes are starch, maltose from starch, isomaltose, lactose, sucrose, and trehalose.95 Although an endoglucanase-like protein of the GH9 family was identified, its substrate remains unknown.
Potential for enriching next-generation health-promoting gut bacteria through prebiotics and other dietary components
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Cathy Lordan, Dinesh Thapa, R. Paul Ross, Paul D. Cotter
Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO) are often considered potential prebiotics. Their impact on newly identified health beneficial microbes is limited and necessitates further investigation. IMOs are naturally found in foods such as honey as well as fermented foods such as miso and soy. In addition, various commercial preparations are made enzymatically by processing an assortment of starches and are readily available on the market today. Commercially available IMOs are composed of a mixture of α(1–6) and α(1–4)-linked glucosyl oligosaccharides.86 One of the glucose oligomers identified in IMOs is isomaltose, which is a major constituent of honey thereby giving IMOs a distinctive sweet honey taste. In a recent study evaluating the impact of co-supplementation of cranberry extract with IMO in HF diet fed mice, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, and Eubacterium were enhanced with an associated increase in butyrate.87
The safety of modern intravenous iron infusions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis – a review of the literature
Published in Hematology, 2020
Michael Ooi, Stephen Hibbs, Frederick E. Chen
The incidence of toxicity described in RhA in these early reports mirror the higher rate of severe adverse events and anaphylaxis experienced by non-RA patients at a time when only HMW iron preparations were available, and since the introduction of LMW iron dextran, iron sucrose and other carbohydrate molecules, far fewer anaphylactoid reactions have been reported [12]. Residual toxicity seen is mainly minor hypersensitvity reactions, though anaphylactoid reactions have not completely disappeared. Iron sucrose has the largest amount of safety data and may be the best option for patients with IDA and RA who do not respond to oral iron. Newer preparations that have also proven to cause less adverse events in the non-RA population such as ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject® Vifor Pharma, St. Gallen, Switzerland) and iron isomaltose (Monofer® Pharmacosmos, Holbaek, Denmark) may also be considered [13], but the use of these in RA have not been separately reported. Nevertheless, caution should be exercised when administering iv iron to rheumatoid patients and premedication with steroids should be considered [14] until prospective studies address the remaining safety issues, so that this not insignificant cohort of patients can benefit from parenteral iron and improved quality of life.