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Epidemiology of COVID-19
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
Rehab A. Rayan, Christos Tsagkaris, Imran Zafar, Aikaterini Tata
COVID-19 is an arising human coronavirus like earlier SARS and MERS outbreaks. The pandemic potential of COVID-19 is still adding a significant burden to health worldwide. Following China's outbreak of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 has gained global concern as a critical infection of the respiratory tract. Bats are mostly the reservoir for coronaviruses. The primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via inhaling respiratory droplets and direct or indirect physical contact, and the infection's average incubation period has been estimated to be around five days. The high-risk factors causing deaths from SARS-CoV-2 are comorbid conditions and old age. There is not a complete understanding regarding the pathogenesis of COVID-19, however, the infection shows that it resembles SARS in some aspects, while it varies in others, such as excessive mucus secretion in the lungs of severely ill patients.
Clinical Basis of COVID-19
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
It is currently believed that the source of infection is mainly COVID-19 patients, with an incubation period of 1–14 days, mostly 3–7 days. There are very few cases with an incubation period of more than 14 days, but the longest can even reach 24 days. Infected yet asymptomatic patients and patients who do not show obvious clinical symptoms due to weak immune system stress response or their own physical characteristics do carry the virus and can infect others. Because there are no clinical symptoms, asymptomatic infected persons are not easily detected, and even the patients themselves are not aware of the infection, which is difficult to control and get them isolated in time, thus it could easily cause large-scale transmission.
Infection and immunology
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
The incubation period of measles is 6-14 days; that of German measles is 14-21 days. The prodromal phase of rubella may go unnoticed whereas that of morbilli lasts 6-8 days and the fever persists and is maximum during the rash stage. Koplik spots are pathognomonic of measles whereas suboccipital glands are more prominent in German measles.
The vital role of animal, marine, and microbial natural products against COVID-19
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Aljawharah A. Alqathama, Rizwan Ahmad, Ruba B. Alsaedi, Raghad A. Alghamdi, Ekram H. Abkar, Rola H. Alrehaly, Ashraf N. Abdalla
The primary site of infection is the respiratory system, where it results in flu-like symptoms with an incubation period of 2–14 days. Fever, cough, fatigue, slight dyspnoea, sore throat, headache, conjunctivitis, and gastrointestinal issues are common symptoms with progression to severe cases of breathing difficulties. The virus may produce respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, and systemic inflammation. In high-risk individuals the virus has been shown to cause sepsis, affect cardiovascular functioning, attack the heart and other organs. A high mortality rate has been observed in age above 60 and individuals with comorbidity conditions (Pascarella et al. 2020). Per available figures, COVID-19 has currently affected more than 200 countries (Sharma et al. 2020). Until beginning of July 2021, more than 186 million people have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and more than 4 million have died so far (WHO 2021).
Transmission dynamics and timing of key events for SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Ahmet Naci Emecen, Ecem Basoglu Sensoy, Edanur Sezgin, Buket Yildirim Ustuner, Salih Keskin, Neslisah Siyve, Saadet Goksu Celik, Gamze Bayrak, Nurcan Senturk Durukan, Ayse Coskun Beyan, Alp Ergor, Belgin Unal, Gul Ergor
Serial interval is the time between the symptom onsets of a primary case and a secondary case. It defines the time between the appearance of similar symptoms in successive generations. Incubation period is the time from infection to symptom onset. Along with the infectious period, both are key parameters in determining the control strategies for COVID-19. The exact timing of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or symptom onset could not be observed precisely. Generally, real-life data provides a period of exposure times to viral pathogens causing respiratory infections and is often referred to as coarse data. Coarse data emerges when the exact value of the data lies in a subset of the complete data (in this study: period) that contains the exact value [12]. Taking the coarseness in our data into account, we censored the exposure intervals and the exact symptom onset dates with the possible left and right endpoints. The left endpoint of the exposure intervals was set at 3 days prior to symptom onset of the primary case for the pairs who had continuous contact with each other. It is generally considered that during the presymptomatic period, infected persons can be contagious for 1–3 days prior to symptom onset [13].
Microsurgery in the era of COVID-19
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Jesse I. Payton, Stacy Wong, Nicholas F. Lombana, Michel S. Saint-Cyr, Andrew M. Altman, Sebastian M. Brooke
Transmission of COVID-19 occurs through droplets and contact. Droplets spread 1 to 2 meters and infect mucous membranes.3,4 Certain operations and techniques aerosolize the virus, potentiating transmission at greater distances.5 The incubation period ranges from 1 to 14 days, with a median of 3 to 7 days, and patients are infectious during this time.3,4,6 Viral shedding is known to have occurred from 4 to 37 days.7,8 The most common symptoms are fever, cough, ageusia, anosmia, expectoration, myalgia or fatigue, and shortness of breath.4,9,10 However, 8.3% to 58.3% of patients remain asymptomatic based on two studies in Japan looking at evacuees from Wuhan and patients from the Diamond Princess cruise ship.11,12