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Nutrition for a Single Match, a One-Day Tournament, and a Multiple-Day Tournament
Published in Charles Paul Lambert, Physiology and Nutrition for Amateur Wrestling, 2020
The maximal gastric emptying rate is about 1 L/h or 2.2 lbs/h, less for energy dense solutions such as chocolate milk. This should be taken into consideration when one is rehydrating from dehydration. Additionally, there is only enough stored muscle glycogen for 4.3 collegiate matches in a high-glycogen state. Thus, it is prudent to eat a high-carbohydrate diet (8–10 g/kg CHO/day) at all times during the season. Additionally, eating foods with high sodium concentration during the season will help to maintain hydration status. Prior to major events, it would appear important for the wrestler to eat a high-carbohydrate diet and reduce his/her activity level for 3 days prior to the event to maximize muscle glycogen concentrations.
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids — Macronutrients
Published in Luke Bucci, Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
The second method of carbohydrate loading (Sherman/Costill method) is currently the preferred method, and consists of keeping the body saturated with carbohydrates in order to maximize tissue glycogen levels. To accomplish this goal, an athlete must usually consume 60 to 70% of dietary calories as carbohydrates (up to 600 g of carbohydrates daily). This amount of carbohydrate-rich food is equivalent to about 2 loaves of bread, or 3 cups of sugar, or 15 baked potatoes, or 12 cups of rice daily. To train for a particular event, exercise is tapered starting a week before the event. Every second day, the amount of exercise is halved until no exercise is performed the day before the event. The high carbohydrate diet is consumed throughout this period. Research has shown that this second method of glycogen supercompensation yields tissue glycogen levels equivalent to the Astrand regimen, and performance is also improved to the same extent.37,49–51,53–55,74–77 The potential drawbacks of the depletion phase of the Astrand regime are not encountered with this second method. Training for repetitive events and dietary manipulations are simpler, meaning greater practical success. Table 1 lists sports events for which carbohydrate loading is or is not indicated.
High Carbohydrate Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in the Overweight Body
Published in Nilanjana Maulik, Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases, 2020
A high-carbohydrate diet leads to MetS and an increased risk of cardiovascular function, being either insulin resistant dependently or independently of the development of insulin resistance, while the effect of a high carbohydrate diet on systemic metabolism has yet to be established. However, it has been confirmed that abnormal fatty acid metabolism and increased oxidative stress play an intimate role in the pathogenesis of MetS-related cardiovascular diseases. It is already well accepted that MetS includes a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that includes abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance (Grundy 2005; Grundy 2007; Bugger and Abel 2008). Experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated that patients with MetS have significantly elevated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, not only in developed but also in underdeveloped countries (Grundy 1999; Wong and Malik 2005; Palmieri and Bella 2006; Hotamisligil and Erbay 2008; Zalesin, Franklin et al. 2011; Berwick, Dick et al. 2012; Mandavia, Aroor et al. 2013; Tehrani, Malik et al. 2013; Avila, Osornio-Garduno et al. 2014; Monti, Monti et al. 2014; Xanthakis, Sung et al. 2015). Hypertension and changes in heart rate generally appear early on, with the risk of developing coronary artery disease, arteriosclerosis and heart failure increasing at a later stage (Gallagher, LeRoith et al. 2008).
Making sense of glucose metrics in diabetes: linkage between postprandial glucose (PPG), time in range (TIR) & hemoglobin A1c (A1C)
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Thomas W Martens, Richard M Bergenstal, Teresa Pearson, Anders L Carlson, Gary Scheiner, Campos Carlos, Birong Liao, Kristen Syring, Roy Daniel Pollom
Once hypoglycemia has been addressed, issues of PPG and daytime hyperglycemia as well as the contributors to glycemic variability will need to be addressed. An obvious answer to Patient B’s PPG excursions would be addition of prandial insulin, which, with appropriate teaching, would be flexible and predictably effective while adding only a modest level of complexity to Patient B’s glycemic management. Non-insulin therapies could be considered, with less guarantee of success. Re-initiation of metformin would be appropriate if renal function is sufficient and excessive alcohol use is not an issue. Non-insulin therapies that do not predispose to hypoglycemia, such as SGLT 2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, or even TZD classes, could be considered as options. Patient B may benefit significantly from seeing a Registered Dietitian and CDCES for specific help with his high carbohydrate diet and postprandial hyperglycemia. Patient B would benefit from close follow-up (within 1–2 weeks) and a team approach to improve the safety and efficacy of his diabetes management. Once the AGP discussion has been documented in the medical record along with an agreed upon plan, a written plan of action and follow-up date should be provided to the patient along with their AGP report.
Contribution of diet to gut microbiota and related host cardiometabolic health: diet-gut interaction in human health
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Yi Wan, Jun Tang, Jiaomei Li, Jie Li, Jihong Yuan, Fenglei Wang, Duo Li
In this trial, we designed three isocaloric diets with different dietary fat to carbohydrate ratios: a low-fat diet (fat 20% and carbohydrates 66% energy, corresponding to the macronutrient distribution 30 years ago during which obesity was rare in China), a moderate-fat diet (fat 30% and carbohydrates 56% energy, the upper limit of fat intake recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Society), and a high-fat diet (fat 40% and carbohydrates 46% energy, approximating the current consumption of Chinese residents in megacities) to represent macronutrients change in China. Rather than giving dietary instructions, we used controlled-feeding design and provided the participants in all three dietary groups with all foods and beverages throughout the 6-month intervention to avoid inaccurate calculation of the dietary intakes and minimize the dietary confounders. We found that the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet appeared to be associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk profile than the low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet.
Obesity-like metabolic effects of high-carbohydrate or high-fat diets consumption in metabolic and renal functions
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Isabela Coelho de Castro, Danielle Cristina Tonello Pequito, Gina Borghetti, Adriana Aya Yamaguchi, Gleisson Alisson Pereira de Brito, Ricardo Key Yamazaki, Laura Cristina Jardim Pôrto, Terezila Machado Coimbra, Luiz Claudio Fernandes, Ricardo Fernandez
The HFD diet-induced significant albuminuria (urine albumin/creatinine ratio): 35.65±7.327ng/mg in HFD group (n=7) vs 11.06±2.164ng/mg (n=6) in C group, p=.0074. The high carbohydrate diet increased by 40% this parameter (15.61±0.9586ng/mg, n=7), but without statistical significance (p>.05) (Figure 1(A)). Despite this, proteinemia was similar between the groups, without statistical differences (p>.05) (Table 4).