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Protein
Published in Linda M. Castell, Samantha J. Stear (Nottingham), Louise M. Burke, Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health, 2015
Stephan van Vliet, Nicholas A. Burd
It is common practice for athletes to use protein supplements to meet their daily dietary protein requirements. Popular protein supplements include animal-derived sources (e.g. whey protein, casein protein and isolated beef protein) and plant-derived protein sources (e.g. soy, pea, hemp protein). These protein supplements are often produced in isolated powder form, thereby offering an increased level of convenience for the athlete. There have been recent reports that some commonly consumed protein powders may be contaminated with other non-nutritional components including heavy metals and substances that are banned under anti-doping codes (Consumer Reports, 2010a, 2010b). As such, it is important for the athlete to ensure that protein powders are sourced from reputable companies, and in an attempt to reduce the risk of inadvertently consuming banned substances, the powders have been subject to third party auditing programmes.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
The type of protein source may be an important factor in the BP effect, animal protein being less effective than nonanimal protein (Appel, 2003). However, lean or wild animal protein with less saturated fat and more essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids may reduce BP, lipids, and CHD risk. When compared to animal proteins, plant proteins have a reduced content of key amino acids, such as methionine, lysine, and tryptophan. Among population-based studies evaluating plant versus animal protein, plant protein is found to have the stronger association with lower blood pressure. However, vegetarians have a significantly higher intake of the nonessential amino acids arginine, glycine, alanine, and serine. And vegetarians are also more likely to be exposed to a low content of other putative metabolic stressors, such as saturated fats and certain lipid-derived compounds present in protein sources of animal origin. The specific amino acids from plant proteins that relate to blood pressure remain mostly unknown; however, soy protein studies with blood pressure as an endpoint suggest that soy may be a plant protein of interest. Hemp protein is a plant-based source of the amino acid arginine, and studies involving spontaneous hypertensive rats show blood pressure-lowering response with hemp seed administration.
Cannabis sativa L. and Its Extracts: Regulation of Cannabidiol in the European Union and United Kingdom
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Historically, extracts from the Cannabis plant containing THC have been considered as psychoactive substances (United Nations 1971). However, substances containing THC would be not fall under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (PSA) as the PSA provides exemptions for substances already within the meaning of the MDA 1971 (PSA, Schedule 1(1)). Similarly, foods are also considered as an exempt substance (PSA, 1(7)(a)—hemp protein and fibre are ordinarily consumed as foods.).