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A Case of Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy
Published in Meera Chand, John Holton, Case Studies in Infection Control, 2018
Toxoplasmosis has a large animal reservoir and all warm-blooded animals can potentially be infected. Estimates of infection in livestock animals range from less than 1% to 93% and are likely to reflect variations in sterility of feeds, indoor or outdoor rearing, and exposure to cats, rodents, and birds. Freezing of meat after slaughter reduces the viability of tissue cysts and hence infectivity. Pork and lamb are generally felt to be the main meat sources of toxoplasmosis in humans. In cattle, seroprevalence estimates of 2% to 92% have been reported, but tissue cysts have rarely been found in beef. Spontaneous clearance of infection and natural resistance are thought to occur in cattle. Poultry are also less common sources of T. gondii infection and possible explanations for this are that the conditions of intensive farming tend to prevent infection and slaughtered poultry are usually stored frozen for long periods of time. The trend of ethical or free-range meat production may increase the likelihood of infection of livestock animals, because environmental exposure to infection is likely to be higher than with intensive farming methods. Similarly, game animals are also potential meat sources of infection.
Physiological Aspects of Geomedicine
Published in Jul Låg, Geomedicine, 2017
Studies of primitive tribes such as Eskimos a few decades ago12 have shown that, to a remarkable extent, they have learned to eat what is good for them without any knowledge of nutrition. Intuitively, they chose to eat the parts of their game animals, such as the entrails, which subsequent chemical analysis has shown are especially rich in vitamins. Their ancient methods of preserving their food, as in seal pokes, have been found to preserve the vitamin content of the stored food remarkably well.9 They have also learned to stay away from food items which may be toxic. An example of this is the liver of polar bear, which is “taboo” to the Eskimo, causing a condition called ORUTIARTUQ in the Eskimo language. It is characterized by acute gastrointestinal upset, followed about a week later by the peeling off of the surface layer of the skin, the epidermis. We now know that this condition is caused by the polar bear liver’s huge content of vitamin A, causing a condition known as hyper-vitaminosis A when eaten in sufficient quantities.10 The reason for this accumulation of vitamin A in the polar bear liver is that the bear eats a great deal of seal liver, which is very rich in vitamin A. The seal, in turn, feeds on vitamin A-rich fish liver, and the fish accumulate their vitamin A from other vitamin A and carotin sources in the sea. Without any knowledge of these facts, the Eskimos have always made sure that the livers of polar bears are disposed of in such a way that they may not be eaten by anyone, not even by their dogs.10
Introduction to the Parasites
Published in Donald L. Price, Procedure Manual for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites, 2017
Some oocysts of coccidia from animals may be passed in human feces but these are usually spurious infections. Most spurious infections are associated with eating game animals and birds, but man may become a transient, accidental host of some animal species.
Food taboos during pregnancy
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2020
The most common tabooed food was meat; however, there was a difference between the types of tabooed meat across cultural traditions. For example, eating meat from bush animals was disapproved in Nigeria while eating meat from game animals and animals such as antelope or deer was discouraged in Malaysia (Oni & Tukur, 2012; Sharifah Zahhura et al., 2012). Furthermore, eating internal organs meat such as lungs and heart was prohibited in Ghana and Kenya (Arzoaquoi et al., 2015; Riang'a, Broerse, & Nangulu, 2017). Similarly, eating fresh meat was discouraged in some parts of Ghana (Arzoaquoi et al., 2015). Moreover, eggs were avoided by the Kalenjin women in Kenya and pregnant women in Southern Bangladesh (Riang'a et al., 2017; Shannon, Mahmud, Asfia, & Ali, 2008). In Ghana, eggs were prohibited by some tribes or cultural groups but recommended by others (Arzoaquoi et al., 2015; de-Graft Aikins, 2014).
The reduction of gunshot noise and auditory risk through the use of firearm suppressors and low-velocity ammunition
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2018
William J. Murphy, Gregory A. Flamme, Adam R. Campbell, Edward L. Zechmann, Stephen M. Tasko, James E. Lankford, Deanna K. Meinke, Donald S. Finan, Michael Stewart
Exposure to firearm noise is the leading cause of hearing loss among military, law enforcement and public safety officers (Ylikoski and Ylikoski 1994). The prevalence of hearing loss among youth and adult recreational firearm users who engage in target shooting or hunting is greater than that observed for the general public (Stewart et al. 2002, 2014; Stewart M, Borer, and Lehman 2009; NHCA 2017). Because the hearing loss associated with firearm noise exposure often presents as a precipitous loss of high frequency hearing, the impairment can be difficult to remediate. Audiologists frequently see these configurations among their clients and need to have effective solutions to prevent further hearing loss. Relying upon hearing protection alone does not provide sufficient protection to the shooter because the hearing protection is frequently improperly fit or not worn at all. Hunters do not typically use protection because their ability to hear their quarry is dramatically reduced. Wearing typical earmuffs or earplugs causes the hunter to lose situational awareness. Electronic hearing protection offers the ability to hear environmental cues while still affording protection against the firearm noise. However, Stewart et al. (2014) reported that hunters typically use protection only about 20% of the time. Often the hunters are using larger bore rifles or shotguns with sufficient energy to harvest large game animals such as deer. Because a single shot can produce temporary or permanent hearing loss and hearing protection is typically fit poorly, other protection schemes need to be investigated. Firearm suppressors present a viable solution to effectively reduce the potential noise exposure by more than 20 dB. The use of a suppressor coupled with hearing protection can provide for a more hearing-safe experience.
A Case-Cohort Study to Investigate the Excess of Liver Cancer Observed in Workers in Poultry Slaughtering & Processing Plants
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Mohammed F. Faramawi, Eric S. Johnson
Subjects were asked if they had ever worked in plants or facilities where the major animals used for food (chickens, turkeys, ducks, doves, partridges, pheasants, quails, geese, grouses, crows/ravens, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, bison, game animals) were slaughtered, processed, or handled (including their eggs where applicable). If the answer is in the affirmative, a series of more detailed secondary questions on exposures related to the primary question was asked.