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Assessment – Macronutrient Needs and Oral Intake
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) were developed through a collaboration between several research conglomerates, including the Institute of Medicine and the Food and Nutrition Board, with the goal of determining the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) or adequate intake (AI) of macro- and micronutrients for healthy adults and children. The RDA is estimated to meet the needs of 97% of a healthy population, while the estimated average requirement (EAR) is set to meet the needs of roughly 50% of the population within a certain gender or age group.20 Similarly, AI represents the recommended amount of a particular substance required by all members of the population, and is utilized when there is insufficient evidence to determine the RDA for specific nutrients.20 The tolerable upper level refers to the highest nutrient intake level that is not known to produce adverse effects. See Table 8.2 for a summary of the macronutrient DRIs for adults.
Immunonutrition Therapy for COVID-19
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
Srijan Goswami, Ushmita Gupta Bakshi, Dona Khamaru
The expert committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) decides the dietary reference intake values for vitamin D and other nutritional substances. The dietary reference intake is a general term indicating a set of reference values implemented for the planning and assessment of nutrient intakes by healthy people based on physiological parameters (age, sex, body weight, etc.). The dietary reference intake includes parameters like recommended dietary allowance (RDA), adequate intake (AI), estimated average requirement (EAR), and tolerable upper intake level (UL). According to the Endocrine Society, toxicity caused by an excess amount of vitamin D is extremely rare.
Managing Adult Overweight and Obesity in Primary Care
Published in Ruth Chambers, Paula Stather, Tackling Obesity and Overweight Matters in Health and Social Care, 2022
For a man age 19–59, the estimated average requirement (EAR) for energy intake is 2550 kcal/day. For a woman age 19–50, the EAR is 1940 kcal/day, and for women age 51–59 1900 kcal/day. However, factors such as habitual activity (e.g. if the individual is a fidgeter), actual weight and activity level (e.g. undertaking exercise and/or doing manual work) will alter the number of calories people need to consume to maintain a normal weight.7
Dietary intake of first- and third-year female dietetics students at a South African university
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022
Nikki L Verwey, Joyce Jordaan, Friedeburg AM Wenhold
The WFR data were exported via Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA, USA) to IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA).20 Energy and nutrient intakes were evaluated by comparing the mean total daily intakes across the recording days to relevant Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI),21 assuming an active physical activity level (PAL) of 1.6, as dietetics students had to move between two campuses and walk large distances on each campus between classes. In most cases the DRI referred to the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). Iron was compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), as intakes should not be assessed using the EAR cut-point method in women of childbearing age.22 Nutrient Adequacy Ratios (NAR) were calculated by dividing each participant’s mean daily intake of 10 selected nutrients (calcium, folate, iron, magnesium, riboflavin, vitamins A, B6, B12 and C and zinc) across the recording days by the relevant Recommended Dietary Allowance, expressed as a percentage. Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) was calculated by dividing the sum of the NAR (capped at 100%) by 10 (number of nutrients investigated) and multiplied by 100.23,24
A nonlinear measurement error model and its application to describing the dependency of health outcomes on dietary intake
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2022
Currently there is not enough research to establish an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), or Upper limit (UL) for potassium. Recommendations are given in terms of the Adequate Intake (AI) which is the average daily intake to ensure nutrient adequacy [23]. According to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [23], the potassium AIs for individuals ages 51–70 years old are 3400 mg for males and 2600 mg for females. Although results are not conclusive, increased levels of potassium may help reduce risks associated with coronary heart disease, stroke, kidney stones, and age-related bone loss [19,24,39]. Hypertension, however, is known to be related to coronary heart disease, stroke, and kidney function, and is one of the leading causes of death [39]. One of the primary health outcomes used to assess optimal potassium intake is blood pressure. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [7], normal blood pressure levels are below 120/80 mmHg, at risk individuals (pre-hypertensive) are between 120/80 mmHg to 139/89 mmHg, and high blood pressure individuals (hypertensive) have levels above 140/90 mmHg; the two values represent the systolic blood pressure (pressure in your blood vessels when your heart beats) and the diastolic blood pressure (the pressure in the blood vessels between heart beats), respectively.
Synbiotic Supplementation Improves Response to Iron Supplementation in Female Athletes during Training
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2022
Amanda Sandroni, Elaine House, Lindsay Howard, Diane M. DellaValle
It has been suggested that physical training may increase the estimated average requirement (EAR) for Fe in female athletes by 30–70% – from 8 mg to 10–14 mg Fe/d (Institute of Medicine 2001). The level of Fe supplementation prescribed in this study was more than the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for women (18 mg/d), and should have been adequate to improve Fe stores if taken as directed, especially given that most of our subjects were consuming an adequate amount of dietary Fe at baseline (per subject report on an iron-specific food frequency questionnaire, data not reported). In previous studies, 100 mg FeSO4 (∼20 mg/d elemental Fe) over the course of 6–8 weeks was sufficient to improve Fe stores (sFer) in both non-athletic and athletic women (Zhu and Haas 1998; Hinton et al. 2000; DellaValle and Haas 2014).