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Trace Mineral Deficiencies – Diagnosis and Treatment
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Kavitha Krishnan, Julianne Werner
Minerals are essential to all forms of metabolism, and include both electrolytes and trace elements (or trace minerals), which are usually defined as minerals that are required for adults in amounts of 1 to 100 mg/day.1 Increased demand, reduced intake, reduced absorption or altered metabolism may cause trace element deficiencies.2 Minerals are found naturally in multiple food sources, listed in Table 10.1. See Table 10.2 for the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) or Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for select trace elements.
What Milk and Dairy Products Can Do for the Human Body
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Dairy food items have been a significant fraction of the human diet for around 8,000 years and are considered a part of the authorised dietary recommendations in numerous regions globally. They give a lot of essential nutrients that are arduous to acquire from diets with restricted or no dairy items, such as restrictive dairy diets or veganism. Undoubtedly, dairy food is enriched in calcium, potassium, phosphorus and protein. Dairy food provides nearly 52 to 65% of the DRI (Dietary Reference Intake) of calcium and 20 to 28% of the protein requirement, based on the consumer's age (Rozenberg et al., 2016). Around two-thirds of the calcium consumption among people living in western countries is provided by dairy food (Guéguen & Pointillart, 2000). Simultaneously dairy products constitute only 9 to 12% of the overall energy intake (Bonjour, 2011).
Immunonutrition Therapy for COVID-19
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
Srijan Goswami, Ushmita Gupta Bakshi, Dona Khamaru
The expert committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) decides the dietary reference intake values for vitamin D and other nutritional substances. The dietary reference intake is a general term indicating a set of reference values implemented for the planning and assessment of nutrient intakes by healthy people based on physiological parameters (age, sex, body weight, etc.). The dietary reference intake includes parameters like recommended dietary allowance (RDA), adequate intake (AI), estimated average requirement (EAR), and tolerable upper intake level (UL). According to the Endocrine Society, toxicity caused by an excess amount of vitamin D is extremely rare.
The effects of gradual vs. rapid weight loss on serum concentrations of myokines and body composition in overweight and obese females
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Reza Bagheri, Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Bradley T Elliott, Darryn S. Willoughby, Mehdi Kargarfard, Meysam Alipour, Nasrin Lamuchi-Deli, Wesam Kooti, Omid Asbaghi, Alexei Wong
The methods and design of were previously reported in detail elsewhere (Ashtary-Larky et al. 2017). Briefly, RWL and GWL, based on the lost weight (at least 5%), were defined over a period of 5 weeks and 15 weeks, respectively. Dietary restrictions were calculated from individual daily energy expenditure requirements. Total energy expenditure was estimated from the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for non-obese adult women (Table 2005). The DRI prediction formula requires an estimate of the level of PA, age, weight, and height. To achieve and maintain the dietary energy restriction, the food exchange system from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Diabetes Association was used (Wheeler et al. 2014). The prescribed calorie-restricted diet contained 15% protein, 30%–35% fat, and 50%–55% carbohydrate, on average, in order to provide weight loss. In general, the meal plans included 3 main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) and three snacks (mid-morning, mid-afternoon, and bedtime), and low saturation and trans fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars. All diets were designed according to Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 (Motevalli et al. 2015). Low-calorie diets produced an energy deficit of 500–750 for the 15-week duration GWL, and 1000–1500 kcal/d for the 5-week duration for the RWL.
Food for thought: the emerging role of a ketogenic diet in Alzheimer’s disease management
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Moreover, KD can cause not only energy deficiency but also an insufficient protein supply. Therefore, a ketogenic approach could increase the risk of nutritional frailty, due to loss of weight and muscle strength. It should also be noted that KD may cause difficulties with achieving an adequate vitamin and mineral intake due to the drastic limitation of foods high in carbohydrates (e.g. cereals, carbohydrate-rich fruits, and vegetables). Currently, there is only one short-term study that describes the nutritional quality of KD used in therapies for patients with AD. Taylor et al. [24] reported that it is possible for KD to be nutritionally dense with a high intake of low-carbohydrate vegetables. In this three-month observation, micronutrient supply in KD achieved dietary reference intake for most nutrients. However, since using MCT supplements does not require such drastic dietary changes, it appears to be a safer way to obtain increased KB levels in the blood. Higher acceptable carbohydrate content in the diet of people taking MCT supplements allows for increased dietary diversity and long-term adherence. However, it should be noted that the use of MCT may also cause mild side effects, such as abdominal or stomach discomfort, reflux, diarrhea, nausea, bloating, headache, and constipation [15,16].
Combating COVID-19 and Building Immune Resilience: A Potential Role for Magnesium Nutrition?
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body and the second most abundant intracellular cation (next to potassium) (34). It is currently among the four nutrients prioritized for Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) reevaluation (35). Enzymatic databases list over 600 enzymes for which magnesium serves as a cofactor, and an additional 200 in which it may act as an activator (36–38). Total body magnesium content is about 24 g (2000 mEq or 1 mol [24 mg magnesium = 2 mEq = 1 mmol]) in a normal human adult. Bone serves as a reservoir and contains 50% to 60% of the body’s magnesium (39, 40); approximately one-third of skeletal magnesium is exchangeable when dietary intakes are low (41). The remaining body magnesium is intracellular, with approximately 27% and 20% residing in muscle and soft tissue, respectively (39). Extracellular magnesium accounts for only about 1% of total body magnesium, which is found primarily in the serum and red blood cells (41–43). In the serum, about 32% of magnesium is bound to the protein albumin and ∼55% is as the free ionized cation (iMg2+), which is the bioactive form (41, 44).