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Animal Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Fish are classified as carnivorous (meat eating), herbivorous (plant eating), omnivorous (meat and plant eating), and detritivorous (detritus feeder) based on their usual food source preferences in their natural habitats (27). Carnivorous fish include salmon, perch, basses, breams, halibut, flounders, groupers, shark, dolphin, whale, and cod; while carp, tilapia, milkfish, surgeonfish, parrotfish, and manatees are herbivorous. Omnivorous fish such as carp, catfish, grey mullet, eels, brown trout, buffalo fish, sunfish, minnows, and shrimp are the most abundant in sea as well as in rivers, lakes, and ponds. In aquatic environments, common detritivorous or detritivores are crustaceans (lobsters, fiddler crabs), echinoderms (sea cucumbers, sea stars), and mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella). Carnivorous, herbivorous, and omnivorous fish are rich in nutrients and popular among consumers (27).
Organic Matter
Published in Michael J. Kennish, Ecology of Estuaries Physical and Chemical Aspects, 2019
Concentrations of detritus range from 0.1 to more than 125 mg/ℓ in estuaries. Decaying macrophytes and biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) of animals are the primary contributors to detritus pools. More than 90% of macrophyte production gets deposited in sediments or is transported out to sea as detritus or DOC because of low consumption by herbivores. Detritus is largely indigestible to heterotrophs and must be initially converted to soluble compounds and assimilated by microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) before the available energy can be utilized by detritivores which consume the microbes. The decomposition of detritus involves three major processes: (1) orthochemical (i.e., leaching and sorption), (2) microbial attack, and (3) mechanical breakdown.
Toxicological and biochemical studies for chlorpyrifos insecticide on some mosquito larvae and their associated predators
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Shaimaa H. Mohammed, Randa I. Eltaly, Hend H. Salem
The present study detects gluttonous and intensive predation of dragonfly naiads (Pantala flavescens) on all tested mosquito species, while mayfly (Caenis stephens) recorded lower predation efficiency than dragonfly naiads, also the two tested predators preferred the youngest stages. The present results agree with [29] who reported that the predation potency of dragonfly naiads caused 50 reductions in Culiseta longiareolata breading site. Odonata naiads are large that requires large space and might polyphagous and might be in efficient for mosquito larvae. The dragonfly naiads were active and strong predators for mosquito larvae, especially An. pharoensis [30]. As well as mayfly naiads consider herbivores, which feeds on algae, or detritivores – robbing waste of flooded leaves and stones. A few species can prey on minute animals [31]. Also [32], estimated that the dragonfly naiads (Labellula spp.) prefer to consume all stages of Aedes aegypti larvae and pupae but prefer the smaller one [33], reported that Pa. flavescens naiads are excellent predator and able to consume Ae. aegypti larvae in large quantities in lab conditions.
Stress oxidative and genotoxicity in Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) exposed to commercial formulation of insecticide cypermethrin
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
C. E. Davico, A. Loteste, M. J. Parma, G. Poletta, M. F. Simoniello
In addition, toxic effects of the commercial formulation of cypermethrin on P. lineatus fish could decline the population of this species causing changes in the ecosystem. Considering that this species is a detritivorous fish and detritus is a crucial pathway in energy and nutrient fluxes in ecosystems, loss of detritivores could therefore strongly influence ecosystem functioning (Bowen 1983, Flecker 1996, Taylor et al. 2006).
The first evidence of microplastic uptake in natural freshwater mussel, Unio stevenianus from Karasu River, Turkey
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
MPs are taken up by many invertebrates, as the items are the size of plankton (Browne et al. 2008). The uptake of MPs by invertebrates with a variety of feeding methods such as filter feeders (mussels, barnacles), deposit feeders (lugworms) and detritivores (sea cucumbers, amphipods) have been well documented (Browne et al. 2008, Graham and Thompson 2009, Thompson et al. 2009). Furthermore, it has been reported that among the negative effects of ingested MPs on aquatic organisms are damage to the digestive system, decreased nutrition, growth inhibition and decreased reproduction (Sussarellu et al. 2016, Suman et al. 2021). Several experimental documents have asserted that MPs may migrate from the intestinal cavity to the circulatory system, enter cells and cause adverse effects in the tissues and cells of mussels (von Moos et al. 2012). Morover, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) from persistent organic pollutants have been found to be carried by plastic items in water column (Mato et al. 2001, Rios et al. 2007, Heskett et al. 2012). Mussels with large geographic distribution are very useful as ideal biological indicators for monitoring microplastic pollution, due to being filter feeders, benthic organisms and important species within intertidal ecosystems (Bricker et al. 2014, Beyer et al. 2017). Goldberg (1975) reported that mussels were one of the first animals used to monitor the water quality, as they met the necessary criteria for a bioindicator species. In addition to being a filter feeder and having wide geographical distribution, mussels are preferred in such studies due to sedentary, long-lived, regionally abundant, easy of sampling, have sufficient tissue mass for analysis, have high tolerance to chemical pollutants and physical changes, accumulation toxins, heavy metals and other particles in their shells and organs (Naimo 1995, Huang et al. 2007, Khan et al. 2018, Premalatha et al. 2020).