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A Brief History of Nutritional Medicine and the Emergence of Nutrition as a Medical Subspecialty
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
Elmer Vernon McCollum (1879–1967) then began a series of animal experiments using a refined diet of casein, lard, lactose, minerals and starch. The animals grew for 8–12 weeks but would halt growth or regress after that. Growth would only resume if extracts of either egg yolk or butterfat were added. Neither olive nor cottonseed oil could suffice. They soon realized that a water-soluble growth factor was also needed. From this work, a concept of growth factors A and B emerged. Factor A was an unknown fat-soluble substance. Factor B was water soluble and probably identical to the anti-beriberi factor discovered in rice bran.17
Legumes
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Another factor, the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) crossed the Rio Grande north into the United States in 1892, devastating cotton.100 The ensuing shortage of cottonseed oil prompted farmers to plant soybeans for oil.101 As noted later, others switched from cotton to peanuts. After 1910, the tractor replaced horses, prompting transition from oats that had fed them to soybeans.102 The 1930s’ dust bowl revealed soybeans’ greater drought tolerance than grain, leading farmers to plant them.103 Moreover, Congress combatted the Great Depression (1929–1939) by paying farmers not to plant cotton and other crops that glutted the market. Because Congress did not extend this provision to soybeans, farmers abandoned cotton for them, collecting government payments and harvesting a crop that generated income on its own.104
Adverse Effects and Intoxication with Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
In infants, a dosage of 0.5–1.0 g (Siegel and Wason, 1986), respectively a lowest lethal dose of 70 mg/kg body weight (inchem.org), may cause death or severe intoxication, probably due to immature hepatic metabolism (Uc et al., 2000). This dose range confirms previous reports. According to Smith and Margolis (1954), as little as 1 g camphor ingested in one teaspoonful of camphorated oil (20% camphor in cottonseed oil) was fatal in a 19-month-old child.
Dietary fluted pumpkin seeds induce reversible oligospermia and androgen insufficiency in adult rats
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Rex-Clovis C. Njoku, Sunny O. Abarikwu, Augustine A. Uwakwe, Chidimma J. Mgbudom-Okah, Chioma Yvonne Ezirim
Although efforts to develop effective plant-derived male contraceptive agents have been undertaken, the progress in this area has been minimal. For instance, daily use of Tripterygium wilfordii extract elicited antifertility properties in animals and men by distorting sperm development and lowering sperm count but its use was associated with adverse side effects (Qian 1987; Herdiman et al. 2006; D’Cruz et al. 2010; Jing et al. 2017). Furthermore, gossypol obtained from cotton seed oil provoked antifertility effects in human and animal models through reduction in sperm quality and increase in sperm mortality, degeneration of the testis and disruption of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis (Coutinho 2002; Santana et al. 2015; Lim et al. 2019). However, a reduction in serum potassium levels and permanent azoospermia was observed in volunteer patients taking gossypol (Coutinho 2002; Lim et al. 2019). Furthermore, the irreversibility of azoospermia, slow contraceptive effectiveness, and other undesired side effects associated with some plant-derived contraceptive agents have heightened the focus of most laboratories on the search of potential plant-based male contraceptives that satisfy the criteria of an effective male-contraceptive agent (Coutinho 2002; Jing et al. 2017; Verma et al. 2017; Ain et al. 2018; Lim et al. 2019).
Fatty acid metabolism in the host and commensal bacteria for the control of intestinal immune responses and diseases
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Koji Hosomi, Hiroshi Kiyono, Jun Kunisawa
Omega 3 (ω3) and ω6 fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids that are known as essential fatty acids because mammals (including humans) cannot synthesize them in the body and they must be obtained from the diet. The balance of dietary intake of ω3 and ω6 is involved in the maintenance of host immunological homeostasis; disturbance of the balance increases risk of allergic and inflammatory diseases.28 Among commonly consumed dietary oils, soybean oil, grape seed oil, corn oil, and cottonseed oil contain a large amount of linoleic acid, which is an ω6 fatty acid. Linoleic acid is endogenously metabolized to arachidonic acid, which is converted to fatty acid metabolites including prostaglandin and leukotriene.6,7 In contrast, α-linolenic acid, an ω3 fatty acid, is abundant in linseed oil and perilla oil and is endogenously metabolized to EPA and DHA. It is known that ω3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular protective effects.29,30 For example, the Inuit people, an aboriginal people who live in icy and snowy areas including northern Canada and consume fish and seals which contain many ω3 fatty acids, show a low mortality rate associated with heart disease compared to Danish people, who share the same genetic background with the Inuit.31 In comparison, Japanese people tend to overconsume ω6 fatty acids. Because excessive intake of linoleic acid (an ω6 fatty acid) has been suggested to increase the risk of allergy and inflammation, this fatty acid dietary habit is considered to be a potential cause of the recent increase in immune diseases, such as food allergy and pollinosis, in Japan.
Metabolic and Metabolomic Effects of Metformin in Murine Model of Pulmonary Adenoma Formation
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Andrew C. Elton, Vannesa Cedarstrom, Arman Quraishi, Beverly Wuertz, Kevin Murray, Todd W. Markowski, Donna Seabloom, Frank G. Ondrey
One hundred and ninety-two seven-week-old female A/J mice were fed pellet diet NIH-07 #7022 Teklad diet (Envigo, Madison WI) and acclimated to the facility for two weeks. Mice were weighed one day after arrival and then weekly. Mice were then switched to D62 semi-purified diet (Research Diets Inc., New Brunswick, NJ) consisting of 27% vitamin-free casein, 59% corn starch, 10% corn oil, 4% salt mix (USP XIV), and a complete mixture of vitamins. Animal diet was replenished twice weekly. At 11 weeks of age, the mice were given the first of three administrations of 3 mg benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) (TCI America)/kg of body weight in 0.2 mL cottonseed oil by oral gavage (day 1, 4 and 8).