China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Roots and Tubers
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Adding potatoes to soup and stew, Inca ate them with corn, beans, peppers (C. annuum), quinoa, guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), or their combination. Other Incan foods included tomato, peanut, cashew (Anacardium occidentale), squashes, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), chili peppers, gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), avocado (Persea americana), oca (Oxalis tuberosa), ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum), maca (Lepidium meyenii), carob (Ceratonia siliqua), sour cherry (Prunus cerasus), pineapple (Ananas comosus), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), and meat from llama, alpaca, and guinea pig. Game included duck (Anas platyrhynchos and Cairina moschata) and deer (Odocoileus species). The Pacific coast yielded fish. As in ancient Egypt, discussed in Chapter 4, and other stratified societies, only the wealthy regularly ate meat. Commoners ate potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, and other vegetarian fare. The Inca dried the surplus, especially potatoes, corn, and quinoa, for consumption in lean times. During the precontact period, potatoes were unknown in North America and the Caribbean. Maya and Aztecs, for example, developed civilizations independent of the tuber.
The sixteenth century
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
A large number of remedies were offered for: anointing; to add to baths; to apply in linen bags; as medicinal potions; and as electuaries, ointments, plasters, powders or trochiskes (lozenges). ‘Farthermore there be at the apothecaries trochiskes which help greatly in this case, as the trochiskes of kerabe [Ceratonia siliqua, carob contains mucilage, and is a demulcent and laxative] or ambar and the trochiskes of bole armoniake [Armenian earth containing alumina, chalk, silica and iron oxide, used to treat hemorrhages] which must be ministred a dram or more of either of them, with four or five sponefulles of plantayne water [Plantago asiatica or Plantago major, anti-inflammatory, and styptic]’.
The Genetics of the Frankia-Actinorhizal Symbiosis
Published in Peter M. Gresshoff, Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 2018
Pascal Simonet, Philippe Normand, Ann M. Hirsch, Antoon D. L. Akkermans
Leghemoglobin-like DNA sequences in a number of actinorhizal plants have been reported following DNA-DNA hybridization with Lb cDNA clones derived from soybean mRNA. A partial cDNA clone from soybean Lb mRNA hybridized quite strongly to DNA isolated from Alnus glutinosa, Casuarina glauca, Ceanothus americanus, and Elaeagnus pungens.172 Using several soybean Lb cDNA probes, Hattori and Johnson171 detected hybridization to genomic DNA isolated from Alnus crispa, A. rugosa, and Myrica gale, as well as two from nonnodulating plants, Ceratonia siliqua, a legume, and Betula alleghaniensis, a nonlegume taxonomically related to Alnus.
A pinitol-rich Glycyrrhiza glabra L. leaf extract as functional supplement with potential in the prevention of endothelial dysfunction through improving insulin signalling
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Laura Siracusa, Cristina Occhiuto, Maria Sofia Molonia, Francesco Cimino, Marco Palumbo, Antonella Saija, Antonio Speciale, Concetta Rocco, Giuseppe Ruberto, Mariateresa Cristani
d-Pinitol has been isolated mainly in plants belonging to Leguminosae family, including Ceratonia siliqua L. (carob), whose pods can contain up to 5–10% of this product (Baumgartner et al. 1986, Lopez-Sanchez et al. 2018). Recently, the consumption of a d-pinitol-enriched carob pod beverage was demonstrated to down-regulate the inflammatory pathway in obese subjects (López-Domènech et al. 2018). However the use of GGLME may be more convenient than that of extracts from carob pods, in which the content of this molecule is 5–10 time higher but whose cultivation suffers for time and money consuming issues. In fact, liquorice is an herbaceous plant, cultivated for its edible roots largely employed and whose leaves are a waste product, while carob is a tree that is cultivated for its pods and needs much more time, engagement and investment to become productive.
Anticancer Effect in Human Glioblastoma and Antioxidant Activity of Petroselinum crispum L. Methanol Extract
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Nadhem Aissani, Ferdaous Albouchi, Hichem Sebai
Various plant extracts and their bioactive compounds contain revealed anticancer properties of glioma cells. Cotinus coggygria extract inhibits cell proliferation on the glioblastoma cancer cells (U87MG, U251 and DBTRG-05MG), with IC50 values equal to 128.49 µg/mL, 107.62 µg/mL and 93.57 µg/mL, respectively. These doses are much higher than the dose we used in our work (1 µg/mL). Indeed, the Cotinus coggygria extract induced apoptosis in glioblastoma cells by the inhibition of PI3K/Akt-ERK signaling pathway (36). In the same way, the aqueous extract of Hedyotis diffusa has shown an anti-proliferation effect on U87MG cells in dose- and time-dependent manner (37). The total inhibition was observed at a dose of 8 mg/mL, which remains much higher than the dose we used. Achyrocline satureioides extracts also can reduce the proliferation and clonogenic survival, and induce apoptosis of glioma cell lines (38). Flavonoids present in A. satureioides extracts inhibited the U87 cells at 100 µg/mL, a high concentration compared to ours (1 µg/mL). In addition, it was previously reported that, the xanthohumol isolated from Humulus lupulus L. reduced cell viability and induced the apoptosis of U87MG cells (39). The Gossypium hirsutum, Quercus ilex and Ceratonia siliqua extracts have a cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effect on human glioma cell lines (40,41). A concentration of 1000 µg/mL of Q. ilex extracts reduced the prolifeartion of U87 cells at 56.94%.
Health effects, sources, utilization and safety of tannins: a critical review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Kartik Sharma, Vikas Kumar, Jaspreet Kaur, Beenu Tanwar, Ankit Goyal, Rakesh Sharma, Yogesh Gat, Ashwani Kumar
There is not much documentation done on the safe limits of tannins for humans, however, there are few food products for which the safe limit for tannin is given. According to Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program (1995), the tannin content for whole sorghum grains should not exceed 0.5% on dry weight basis, whereas, for decorticated sorghum grains it must be below 0.3% on dry weight basis. According to Food Safety and Standards Regulation (2009), the tannin content for Carob powder (i.e. powder of roasted carobs of Ceratonia Siliqua) should be in range 0.1 to 0.15%. Predicted amount of tannic acid given by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA must not exceed 100 mg/kg in foods however there is no such estimation given for European population. As a feed additive, the use of tannic acid upto 15 mg/kg for all animal species is safe. Tannic acid has attained a GRAS status (Generally Recognized as Safe) by FDA (Food and Drug Administration) to be used directly as a food additive, although for various foods, the FDA has limited its use upto certain level (Table 5).