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Immunosuppressants, rheumatic and gastrointestinal topics
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Dietary changes, such as frequent feeding of small amounts or using casein-predominant infant formulae or those with low osmolality, may help. A reduction of the food volume results in a decrease in the number of episodes of vomiting but no change in acid reflux [6]. Milk thickening agents have been included in anti-regurgitation infant formulae. A systematic review of ten controlled trials demonstrates a reduction in vomiting in infants, but there is no effect on pH [7]. Side effects have been described with guar gum, carob bean gum and soybean polysaccharides, such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea or a decrease in intestinal absorption [8]. In atopic families, hydrolysate formulae can be used if cow’s milk allergy is suspected.
A pinitol-rich Glycyrrhiza glabra L. leaf extract as functional supplement with potential in the prevention of endothelial dysfunction through improving insulin signalling
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Laura Siracusa, Cristina Occhiuto, Maria Sofia Molonia, Francesco Cimino, Marco Palumbo, Antonella Saija, Antonio Speciale, Concetta Rocco, Giuseppe Ruberto, Mariateresa Cristani
d-Pinitol has been isolated mainly in plants belonging to Leguminosae family, including Ceratonia siliqua L. (carob), whose pods can contain up to 5–10% of this product (Baumgartner et al. 1986, Lopez-Sanchez et al. 2018). Recently, the consumption of a d-pinitol-enriched carob pod beverage was demonstrated to down-regulate the inflammatory pathway in obese subjects (López-Domènech et al. 2018). However the use of GGLME may be more convenient than that of extracts from carob pods, in which the content of this molecule is 5–10 time higher but whose cultivation suffers for time and money consuming issues. In fact, liquorice is an herbaceous plant, cultivated for its edible roots largely employed and whose leaves are a waste product, while carob is a tree that is cultivated for its pods and needs much more time, engagement and investment to become productive.
Safety considerations when managing gastro-esophageal reflux disease in infants
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Melina Simon, Elvira Ingrid Levy, Yvan Vandenplas
Not all trials with thickened feeds mentioned adverse events [5,36,37,45,46,70]. It is not clear if adverse effects did not occur or if they were not reported. One placebo controlled study mentioned that 14 out of 166 infants getting carob-based formula developed diarrhea, which is explained by the fact that the thickener is a fiber that is fermented what may cause abdominal pain, colic and diarrhea [37]. An increase of the total number of defecations and watery stools was confirmed in another randomized, partly double-blind trial with carob bean thickened feeding in infants [46]. A real-life study in 2604 infants showed that bean gum thickened formula did decrease regurgitation frequency and its estimated volume, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in duration of crying and episodes of gas, and did improve quality of life parameters [71]. Stool frequency increased and stool consistency softened within the physiologic range, what is consistent with the increased fiber content [71]. Rice cereals have been associated with significantly more coughing, which led to the hypothesis that thickened formula may worsen non-regurgitant reflux [70], and induce constipation [65]. However, two other prospective randomized open-label studies in infants, did not report these adverse effects of rice cereals [43,72].
Carob extract attenuates brain and lung injury in rats exposed to waterpipe smoke
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Mona Abdel-Rahman, Amira A. Bauomy, Fatma Elzahraa H. Salem, Mona Ahmed Khalifa
Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent and is an iodine-containing drug which accumulates in lungs and in other several organs. In addition, amiodarone induces pulmonary toxicity [10]. The carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) has been widely cultivated in Mediterranean regions. The carob pods have a prospect role in human healthy. Pods contain a large amount of tannins. Carob extracts have antioxidant and antimutagenic properties, antidiarrheal, cholesterol lowering activities and ameliorate the mice nephrotoxicity [11[12][13]–14] . Carob is used in cough syrup due to its expectorant effect. However, traditional use of carob cures did not cause any toxicological effects in lung, brain and other organs in male rabbit [15].