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Excipients and Their Attributes in Granulation
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
TCP is available in powdered form, which like powdered DCP, is mostly used in wet granulation, or a granular form for direct compression applications. The powdered form is also used as an anti-caking agent in formulations where the active ingredient may be oily or sticky. Aside from the difference in deformation properties, the use of TCP in wet granulation is much the same as that of DCP, in that it is essentially another dense free-flowing filler of moderate compactibility, also insoluble in water. Calcium sulfate, dihydrate, also known as terra alba or gypsum, and available in both the powdered and granular form, is also a good filler for wet granulation applications. Calcium sulfate is also slightly soluble and this has caused issues on stability in the past. It is a non-hygroscopic material and therefore good for use with moisture sensitive active ingredients. The material is quite dense, as well.
Overview of the Pharmacokinetics of Antiepileptic Drugs
Published in Carl L. Faingold, Gerhard H. Fromm, Drugs for Control of Epilepsy:, 2019
Phenytoin is poorly soluble in water but dissolves in alkali and in organic solvents. After ingestion of phenytoin the peak plasma level occurs between 4 to 8 h. The rate of absorption of phenytoin may vary depending upon the preparation used. Presence of calcium sulfate in the formulation reduces phenytoin absorption and ingestion of phenytoin together with antacids may cause lower than expected plasma levels. From i.m. deposits absorption is erratic and delayed in part because of crystallization at the injection site. Absorption of rectally applied phenytoin is poor.6
The external radiation hazard
Published in Alan Martin, Sam Harbison, Karen Beach, Peter Cole, An Introduction to Radiation Protection, 2018
Alan Martin, Sam Harbison, Karen Beach, Peter Cole
Another material that can be used to assess medical X-ray doses is lithium borate, which has a ‘tissue-equivalent’ effective atomic number and as such does not affect the image quality. Also, calcium sulphate has a very high sensitivity and can be used for environmental dose measurements.
Advances in pharmacotherapy for diabetic foot osteomyelitis
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Raju Ahluwalia, Jose Luiz Lázaro-Martínez, Ines Reichert, Nicola Maffulli
The principal types of biodegradable ceramics available for antibiotic delivery are based on either calcium sulfate or calcium phosphate (Tables 4 and 5). Within the calcium phosphate group, two main types exist: tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite. Calcium sulfate has also been used as a bone graft material since 1892 [90], having a compressive strength equivalent to that of cancellous bone [91]. However, it is brittle and quickly loses its strength as it is hydrolyzed on its own and needs to be combined with another ceramic. Its use in DFO showed that 20 of 323 patients required further debridement before wound healing occurred [92], and another 20 patients required an amputation, 6 being below knee. Jogia et al. reported no recurrence or amputation following debridement of forefoot ulcers in 20 patients at 12-month follow-up with routine use of calcium sulfate impregnated with antibiotics [93]. Krause et al. found that 13 of 49 feet treated by trans-metatarsal amputation with calcium sulfate and tobramycin experienced a reduction in below knee amputation rates at an average follow-up of 28 months (8–52 months) [94].
Photothermal nanoparticles for ablation of bacteria associated with kidney stones
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Ilan Klein, Santu Sarkar, Jorge Gutierrez-Aceves, Nicole Levi
Artificial kidney stones were manufactured in our lab based on prior experience by mixing 18 grams of gypsum cement (17.1 g of Plaster of Paris and 0.9 g of Portland cement) with 2 g of Velmix (calcium sulfate powder) with 15 ml of deionized (DI) water [44]. The mixture was cast in small cylindrical molds 10 mm in length and 5 mm in diameter and dried for 4 h at 37 °C. Artificial kidney stones were autoclaved to sterilize prior to inoculation. Kidney stones from patients were obtained after our Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved the protocol and patients signed an informed consent prior to surgery to donate a part of their stones to the study. Patient-derived kidney stones were obtained in a sterile manner and handled under sterile conditions throughout the experiment. They were broken into about 5 mm pieces prior to their use in the laboratory. All experimental groups used the same patient-derived kidney stones and thus replicates of the experimental variables were repeated using kidney stones from multiple patients. A component of the standard of care is for patients to be given prophylactic antibiotics prior to kidney stone disruption. Sample fragments of each patient stone were evaluated by the Wake Forest University Health Sciences Clinical Pathology laboratory and Beck Analytical Services to determine the composition of the stone and to identify the presence of bacteria; however, all stones used in this study were negative for patient-derived bacteria. All stones were weighed before their use in culture experiments.
Single-stage debridement with implantation of antibiotic-loaded calcium sulphate in 34 cases of localized calcaneal osteomyelitis
Published in Acta Orthopaedica, 2020
Nan Jiang, Xing-qi Zhao, Lei Wang, Qing-rong Lin, Yan-jun Hu, Bin Yu
Calcium sulphate (CS), a novel local antibiotic vehicle, has been widely used for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis with satisfying outcomes (Gauland 2011, Ferguson et al. 2014, Andreacchio et al. 2019). Compared with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), CS can carry a wider range of antibiotics and is completely biodegradable, thus not requiring second surgery for removal (Inzana et al. 2016). Although previous studies had reported local antibiotic-loaded CS implantation for CO treatment, their strategies differed, including a 2-stage surgery of debridement followed by autologous bone graft (Papagelopoulos et al. 2006), the Silo technique with CS/hydroxyapatite (Drampalos et al. 2018), and even calcanectomy (Walsh and Yates 2013). Nonetheless, the clinical experience of bone-preserving strategy for CO treatment remains limited.