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Drugs in pregnancy and lactation
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Drugs highly bound to albumin are unable to diffuse through tissue and only the free fraction will diffuse. This restricts many drugs to the plasma compartment. The binding by the major milk whey proteins (casein, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, and IgA) is lower than in plasma, due to the lower concentration and affinity of these proteins.
Role of Diet in Vitiligo
Published in Vineet Relhan, Vijay Kumar Garg, Sneha Ghunawat, Khushbu Mahajan, Comprehensive Textbook on Vitiligo, 2020
Rachita Misri, Khushbu Mahajan
Whey, a protein complex derived from milk, has a number of health benefits and can help vitiligo patients in following ways: It is a potent antioxidant and contributes cysteine-rich proteins that aid in the synthesis of GSH. Thiols (sulfhydryl) present in cysteine serve as active reducing agents in preventing oxidation and further tissue damage.Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein found in whey, is a non-enzymatic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent [31]. It decreases the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo [36].Lactoperoxidase, also found in whey, catalyzes certain molecules, including the reduction of hydrogen peroxide.Alpha-lactalbumin, another enzyme in whey, can chelate heavy metals and reduce oxidative stress due to its iron-chelating properties.Whey also has GSH peroxidase activity [36].Whey protein also causes a rise in serotonin, which helps in improved cognitive function and stress coping abilities. Tryptophan available in whey is a substrate for serotonin [37]. Considering the role of stress both as an aggravator and result of the disease, whey can be of further benefit to the vitiligo patient.
An innovative approach to polycystic ovary syndrome
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Mariano Bizzarri, Patrizia Logoteta, Giovanni Monastra, Antonio Simone Laganà
MI human plasma concentration has a mean value of 32.5 ± 1.5 μM/L, with a range of 26.8–43.0 μM/L, according to Leung et al. (Leung et al. 2011). Monastra et al. (Monastra et al. 2018b) administered 6 g MI in a single oral administration to 18 healthy volunteers (men and women). They found that baseline levels in the study subjects were 32.17 ± 4.76 μM/L, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for this detection. After MI administration, its average peak plasma concentration (at 180 min) increased about threefold with respect to baseline, reaching 95.06 ± 7.31 μM/L. Of note, this MI dose was chosen to get a good detection of this molecule, however this dosage is not very different from that normally given to patients, i.e. 4 g per day per os for at least 3 months. In the study by Montanino et al. (Montanino Oliva et al. 2018), where the authors used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the basal MI value found in PCOS patients was less than in normal women, i.e. 17 ± 3.5 μmol/L, in agreement with Unfer’s hypothesis that MI deficiency is a common feature in PCOS patients. After a treatment with 2 g MI plus 50 mg alpha-lactalbumin, twice a day by oral route for three months, this concentration raised by 106%, reaching 35 ± 3.8 μmol/L.
Exosomes from GM-CSF expressing embryonic stem cells are an effective prophylactic vaccine for cancer prevention
Published in OncoImmunology, 2019
Kavitha Yaddanapudi, Shuhan Meng, Aaron G. Whitt, Numan Al Rayyan, Jamaal Richie, Allison Tu, John W. Eaton, Chi Li
Since the anti-tumor activity of the vaccine depends on the ESC-induced recognition of relevant antigens expressed in the tumor, our future studies will be aimed at identifying the cross-reactive lung tumor antigens using ES-exo and lung tumors. These studies will employ a high through-put proteomics-based screening platform in combination with mass spectrometry techniques to identify common antigens expressed in ES-derived exosomes and lung tumors. A recent report by Dr. Tuohy’s group showed that targeting the extracellular domain of anti-Mullerian hormone receptor II (AMHR2-ED) is an effective strategy for immunoprevention of ovarian cancer.48 AMHR2-ED is a so-called “retired antigen” that is required for tissue-specific functions and its expression decreases with aging.48,49 Similar to testis-associated antigens (e.g. NY-ESO-1), AMHR2-ED antigen is specifically overexpressed in ovarian cancer cells but shows limited expression in normal tissues and hence forms an appealing target for ovarian cancer vaccine development with minimal risk for inducing autoimmunity.48,49 Another such example of a “retired antigen” is alpha-lactalbumin which is a breast-specific differentiation protein conditionally expressed in high levels in breast carcinomas only during lactation.50 Tuohy and colleagues reported that immunoreactivity against alpha-lactalbumin provides protection against the growth of breast tumors without any detectable inflammation in normal non-lactating breast tissue.50 Finally, Kooreman et al. in a very recent publication show that human and murine iPSCs express tumor-associated antigens and that irradiated autologous iPSCs, in a prophylactic setting, prevent tumor growth in syngeneic murine breast cancer, mesothelioma, and melanoma models.5 These recent studies lend further credence to the concept that embryonic material can be an effective immunopreventive cancer vaccine.
Food allergy severity predictions based on cellular in vitro tests
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Betul Buyuktiryaki, Alexandra F. Santos
The major allergens of cow’s milk are casein (Bos d 8), beta-lactalbumin (Bos d 5), and alpha-lactoglobulin (Bos d 4). High casein levels are related to clinical reactivity and persistence of cow’s milk allergy. Unlike peanut and tree nut allergies, most children with milk and egg allergies outgrow their allergies, therefore, these children may require to undergo OFCs at some point of their lives to assess for resolution of allergies. In this respect, several studies assessed the predictive value of CRD in the severity of cow’s milk allergy. In a cross-sectional study including 2272 children with milk, egg, wheat, and peanut allergy, increasing sIgE levels to causative foods along with their components casein, ovomucoid, omega 5 gliadin and Ara h 2 were found as risk factors for anaphylaxis reactions [35]. In a study aiming to identify risk factors for accidental reactions in cow’s milk allergy, children who had severe reactions had higher levels of sIgE to cow’s milk and casein than the ones who had mild reactions [76]. High sIgE levels to cow’s milk, sIgE to casein, and asthma were reported as risk factors for severe reactions [76]. Likewise, Peterson et al. [46] found a positive correlation between specific IgE cow’s milk, casein, and the severity of symptoms during OFC tests. On the contrary, in adult patients with milk allergy, 67% of the patients reported severe reactions; however, there was no correlation with severity and the levels of sIgE to milk allergens casein, alpha-lactalbumin, or beta-lactoglobulin [77]. In Italy, 79 children (aged 70 ± 40 months) were evaluated to identify the usefulness of IgE to recombinant allergens of milk (nBos d 4, 5, 8), nBos d 8 had the best performance for predicting anaphylaxis compared to other allergens [78]. Overall, similarly to SPT and sIgE to cow’s milk extract, there is still uncertainty whether sIgE to individual allergen components of cow's milk are good markers in detecting those at high risk of severe allergic reactions to cow’s milk.