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Cinchona officinalis (Cinchona Tree) and Corylus avellana (Common Hazel)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Sawsan A. Oran, Arwa Rasem Althaher, Mohammad S. Mubarak
Tannins (also known as tannic acid) are water-soluble polyphenols found in many plant diets, whereas proanthocyanidins (also known as condensed tannins) are plant-derived flavonoid polymers with a variety of health benefits (Xie et al., 2006). Hazelnut contains five hydrolyzable tannins and related compounds: Ellagic acid hexoside isomer, ellagic acid pentoside isomer, flavogallonic acid dilactone isomer, bis(hexahydroxydiphenoyl)-glucose (HHDP-glucose) isomer, and valoneic acid dilactone/sanguisorbic acid dilactone (Prosperini et al., 2009). The condensed tannins oproanthocyanidins are oligomers or polymers found in hazelnut and its by-products that are classified as procyanidins, propelargonidins, or prodelphinidins based on the flavan-3-ol unit (epi)catechin, (epi)afzelechin, or (epi)gallocatechin, respectively (Jakopic et al., 2011). Procyanidins A2, B1, and B2 (ZEPPA and GERBI, 2010; Fanali et al., 2018) and other procyanidin dimers and trimers, were found in hazelnut kernels (Jakopic et al., 2011). Furthermore, four isomers of B-type procyanidin have been identified in hazelnut shells (Yuan et al., 2018). A-type PAs were found as minor compounds, while (epi)-gallocatechin and gallate derivatives were identified as monomer units (Piccinelli et al., 2016).
Aquatic Plants Native to Africa
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Karina M. Szuman, Mala V. Ranghoo-Sanmukhiya, Joyce Govinden-Soulange, Namrita Lall
Typha capensis has been reported to have typhaphthalide, typharin, sitosterol, afzelechin, epiafzelechin, (+)-catechin, and (−)-epicatechin that were isolated along with other flavones, phenolic compounds, long-chain hydrocarbons, and triterpenoids as its constituents (Figure 2.16a and c) (Shode et al. 2002).
Inhibiting the Absorption of Dietary Carbohydrates and Fats with Natural Products
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. ex Maxim.) Harms is an example of medicinal plant producing a broad array of natural products with inhibitory activity on intestinal enzymes of carbohydrate and triglycerides absorption. The lupane-type saponin 22α-hydroxychiisanoside and the flavanol (+)-afzelechin (Figure 1.31) isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. ex Maxim.) Harms inhibited α-glucosidase in vitro with IC50 values equal to 819, and 186 μM, respectively (acarbose IC50 788.6 μM).132 Silphioside F, copteroside B, hederagenin 3-O-β-d-glucuronopyranoside 6′-O-methyl ester, and gypsogenin 3-O-β-d-glucuronide isolated from the fruits of this plant inhibited in vitro porcine pancreatic lipase more efficiently than orlistat.133 From the same plant, erythro-7 E-4’,9’-dihydroxy-4,5’-dimethoxy-5,8’-oxyneolign-7-en-9-al isolated inhibited the enzymatic activity of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 with an IC50 value of 66.5 mM and was inactive against diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2.134 In brush border enterocytes, short-chain fatty acids penetrate freely, whereby long-chain fatty acids are transported via fatty-acid translocase and fatty-acid transporter protein.135 In enterocytes, monoacylglycerol transferase catalyzes the formation of diacylglycerol from monoacylglycerol and fatty acids and diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 catalyze the formation of triglycerides from diacylglycerol. Triglycerides, cholesteryl ester, and apolipoprotein B48 are then packed into chylomicrons via the microsomal transfer protein, which are secreted into the lymphatic system.135
Designing of enzyme inhibitors based on active site specificity: lessons from methyl gallate and its lipoxygenase inhibitory profile
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2018
Sharanya C. S., Arun K. G., Vijaytha V., Sabu A., Haridas M.
Bergenia ligulata (Wall) is a perennial climbing plant found in temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at an altitude of 900–3000 m and in Khasia hills at a 1500 m altitude. Bergenia ligulata (Wall) also named as ‘velvet leaf’, ‘pashanabheda’ and ‘pahadvela’ [28]. It is used in indigenous system of medicine for treating urinary troubles, cold, hemorrhagic disease, distension of stomach and epilepsy. Pharmacological studies referred to anti-lithic, diuretic, anti-bradykinin, antiviral, antipyretic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, insecticidal and α-glucosidase activity [29]. Foremost secondary metabolites reported from this plant are bergenin, (+) afzelechin, 4(4′-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-1′-benzoyloxy)-6-methyltetrahydropyran-2-one (paashaanolactone) [30], tannic acid, stigmesterol, betasitosterol, catechin, 1,8-cineole, isovalaric acid, (+)-(6S)-parasorbic acid, arbutin, phytol, caryophyllene, damascenone, β-eudesmol, 3methyl-2-buten-1-ol, (Z)-asarone, Terpinen-4-ol, [31], p-hydroxy 0benzoyl bergenin, 11-O-galloylbergenin, gallic acid and methyl gallate [32].