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Head and Neck
Published in Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott, Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott
The subclavian vein is a large, central vein that starts at the outer border of the first rib, as a continuation of the axillary vein and also receives the external jugular vein. It courses behind the clavicle and combines with the internal jugular vein at the medial border of the anterior scalene muscle to form the brachiocephalic vein at the venous angle. The venous angle receives the thoracic duct on the left and the right lymphatic duct on the right.
The Stomach (ST)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Subclavian vein: Joins with the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein, a union called the “venous angle.” This is where, on the left side, the thoracic duct drains lymph into the venous circulation; on the right side, the right lymphatic duct drains the lymph.
Development of palliative medicine in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Published in Eduardo Bruera, Irene Higginson, Charles F von Gunten, Tatsuya Morita, Textbook of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2015
The lymphatic drainage system is separate from the general circulatory system and is the conduit for returning tissue fluids to circulation. Â 24 The superficial lymphatic system begins with initial lymphatics, which are formed from one-layer endothelial cells, overlapping each other but not forming a continuous connection. Each of the cells is attached to the surrounding tissue by anchoring filaments. When there is a change in tissue pressure caused by arterial pulsation, muscle contraction, or respiration, or when the skin is lightly stretched, the anchoring filaments pull on the cells of the initial lymphatics. Because of this, the gap between the cells opens, and fluid drains into the vessels. Â 25 Initial lymphatics combine to form larger vessels called precollectors and collectors, which in turn lead to the lymph nodes in the axillary and inguinal regions. The collector vessels of the lymphatic system contain smooth muscle and valves to regulate flow. Â 25 The regional lymph nodes drain fluid from the ipsilateral limb and torso quadrant. Deep lymph nodes are located along major arteries for visceral drainage. Major somatic drainage areas are connected via subcutaneous collateral channels, both anteriorly and posteriorly. Lymph drains from the lower limbs into the lumbar lymphatic trunk, which joins the intestinal lymphatic trunk and cisterna chyli to form the thoracic duct. Lymph returns to the blood circulation at the venous angles, which are formed by the junctures of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. Most of the lymph in the body drains via the thoracic duct, which enters the circulation at the left venous angle. Only the right upper torso, arm, face, and neck drain into circulation on the right side via the right lymphatic duct, which empties into the right subclavian vein. Â 24 An important function of the lymphatic system is the prevention of infection. The lymphatic system is responsible for picking up excess interstitial water and protein as well as other cells, including bacteria, which can enter the tissue through small cuts or breaks in the skin. Bacteria and other antigens are transported by the lymphatic system from the interstitium to lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, where an immune response may be initiated. Physiologically, most of the interstitial fluid generated daily (18 L) arises from the blood capillaries. Fourteen to sixteen liters subsequently return directly to the venous circulation. The remaining 10%-20%, approximately 2Â L per day, passes through lymphatic transport.
Long-term outcome of lymph vessel transplantation after chronic lymphorrhea
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Cecilia Dahlbäck, Rüdiger Baumeister, Magnus Åberg, Björn Arnljots, Lieselotte Frost Arner, Håkan Brorson
In the neck region, lymph vessels draining lymph toward the left venous angle were identified to receive the lymph fluid from the arm. Temporarily, a moistened silicon tube was placed within the subcutaneous tissue between the two incisions. The grafts could then be pulled without friction from the upper arm towards the neck. After removal of the tube, the grafts were anastomosed without tension to the ascending lymphatic main collectors at the upper arm. In the neck, the central endings of the grafts were anastomosed to lymphatic collectors running towards the left venous angle. The end-to-end anastomoses were created with single stitches in the so-called tension-free technique [4]. using Vicryl 10-0 (Ethicon®, USA) and a BV 75-4 needle. With this procedure, the area of the axilla and the origin of the fistula were bypassed and the influx into the fistula was impeded while securing the lymphatic transport from the arm.
Angular and metric analysis of the neural structures in the cerebellopontine angle
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2018
Helbert de Oliveira Manduca Palmiero, Marcos Devanir Silva da Costa, Ricardo Lourenço Caramanti, Feres Eduardo Aparecido Chaddad-Neto
We can continue our studies on the endoscopic approach of CPA by using a burr hole under a venous angle formed by the transverse sinus and sigmoide sinus. From this metric and angular analysis, we can complement our knowledge from other studies that have investigated approaching patterns, not only from the flocculus but also from the craniotomies.