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Thyroid and Parathyroid Imaging
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
Brahm Shapiro, Milton D. Gross
The thyroid gland is among the most vascular of tissues and is fed by the superior and inferior thyroid arteries.21 The former arise from the common or external carotid arteries and lie in close relationship to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. The inferior thyroid arteries may be quite variable but most often arise from the thyrocervical trunk and the vessels cross over the ascending branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. In up to 10% of persons a thyroid ima artery may run in the midline, having most often arisen on the right.21
Guidewire and catheter passage
Published in Peter A. Schneider, Endovascular Skills: Guidewire and Catheter Skills for Endovascular Surgery, 2019
In passing the guidewire into the carotid artery, as it progresses from the common carotid artery into the carotid bifurcation, it is quite common for the guidewire to select the superior thyroid artery. It must be redirected into either the internal or external carotid artery, depending on the intention of the operator. When cannulating the subclavian artery, the guidewire frequently enters into the thyrocervical trunk. Likewise, if the artery selected is the internal mammary artery and the patient has a left internal mammary graft, this must be recognized prior to using this as a location for an exchange guidewire to be placed. As the guidewire is advanced from the subclavian artery into the axillary artery, it frequently selects the large collaterals at the head of the humerus. There are other examples, but these demonstrate that the operator must be vigilant and understand the anatomy and have an index of suspicion about the potential for the guidewire to enter the wrong location.
Thyroid Microcirculation
Published in John H. Barker, Gary L. Anderson, Michael D. Menger, Clinically Applied Microcirculation Research, 2019
Linda J. Huffman, George A. Hedge
Each thyroid lobe is supplied by arterial blood from two primary sources.1,2 A superior thyroid artery, arising principally from the external carotid artery, supplies blood to the rostral area of the thyroid lobe. An inferior thyroid artery, deriving most often from the thyrocervical trunk, supplies blood to the caudal areas of the thyroid lobe. In addition to these bilateral arterial inputs to the thyroid, a thyroid ima artery may be located anterior to the trachea and, when present, provides blood to the inferior portion of the gland. This accessory artery appears to arise most often from the brachiocephalic artery, the right common carotid artery, or the aortic arch. Significant anastomoses among the arterial inputs to the thyroid gland occur, with the superior thyroid artery uniting with the contralateral artery in the isthmus area and with the inferior thyroid artery on the posterior and anterior surface of the thyroid gland. Anastomoses between thyroid arteries and the tracheal arterial supply (e.g., inferior laryngeal artery and tracheoesophageal artery) also exist.
Spinal cord involvement in COVID-19: A review
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Ravindra Kumar Garg, Vimal Kumar Paliwal, Ankit Gupta
The spinal cord predominantly receives blood from three main arteries – the anterior spinal artery and two posterior spinal arteries. Reinforcement of blood supply comes from the ascending cervical arteries (branches of the thyrocervical trunk), radicular-medullary branches (branches of the aorta), and the artery of Adamkiewicz (a branch of the aorta) at the level of the lower thoracic or lumbar vertebra. The occlusion of the artery of Adamkiewicz can result in spinal cord ischemia in the thoracolumbar region. Predominantly, this infarction is caused by aortic disease, thoracolumbar surgery, sepsis, hypotension, and thromboembolic disorders. Therefore, we suggest that spinal cord infarction because of hypercoagulability can lead to myelopathy in patients with COVID-19.46,47
Dynamic observation on collateral circulation construction of patient with vertebral artery restenosis after stenting: case report
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Yan-Wei Yin, Qian-Qian Sun, Da-Wei Chen, Fa-Guo Zhao, Jin Shi
Six months later, the patient suffered from the loss of consciousness again. Repeat DSA confirmed restenosis of at least 70% of the left vertebral artery (Figure 2a). Fortunately, a collateral flow appeared to be constructed from the V2 segment of the left vertebral artery and fed by external carotid collateral branches (occipital artery) (Figure 2b). Although there was no other collateral flow supplying flow to the left vertebral artery besides this, we had a good view of the left thyrocervical trunk (Figure 2c). Whether it played the role of another potential collateral flow was unknown. Due to the precarious nature of the current collateral flow, aggressive medical management still continue in an effort to slow down the unstable stenosis and allow for development of more favorable conditions in which collateral circulation could further occur.
Anterolateral approach for subaxial vertebral artery decompression in the treatment of rotational occlusion syndrome: results of a personal series and technical note
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Sabino Luzzi, Cristian Gragnaniello, Alice Giotta Lucifero, Stefano Marasco, Yasmeen Elsawaf, Mattia Del Maestro, Samer K. Elbabaa, Renato Galzio
Within the left supraclavicular region, the thoracic duct is located posterior to the left carotid sheath. Arching laterally, it becomes posterolateral to it and passes anterior to the anterior scalene muscle, thyrocervical trunk, vertebral and subclavian artery [48–51]. Ammar and colleagues reported that the superiormost aspect of the arc is located at an average of 3.5 cm (range 2.1–5.0 cm) from the midline, 2.4 cm (range, 1.0–5.5 cm) from the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage, and 4.6 cm (range 1.7–11.5 cm) from the sternal notch [50]. Considering that the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage corresponds to the C5-C6 cervical disc, this raises concern for potential damage to the arc of the thoracic duct encroaching a potential pre-sternocleidomastoid retro-jugular corridor, as those suggested by Bruneau and George [4–7], when approaching the V1 ostial (C6) segment of the VA, but also the C5-C6 portion of the V2 segment. The same risk is shared when approaching the anterior cervical spine for selective cervical microforaminotomies [52,53]. Hart and colleagues reported even a case of thoracic duct with an arc ascending up to the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage, 8.0 cm superior to the clavicle [46].