China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Re-Highlighting the Potential Natural Resources for Treating or Managing the Ailments of Gastrointestinal Tract Origin
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Applied Pharmaceutical Practice and Nutraceuticals, 2021
Vaibhav Shende, Sameer A. Hedaoo, Mojabir Hussen Ansari, Pooja Bhomle, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is also known as heartburn or acid reflux. It occurs whilst the hoop of muscle fibers that surrounds the doorway to our stomach (known as the decrease esophageal sphincter) turns weak and acts as a substitute of ultimate tightly closed to save the backflow of food back up. Esophagus, it remains partially open, allowing partly digested meals and belly acid to leak lower back up the esophagus, inflicting irritation. The primary signs associated with GERD are regurgitation, heartburn, chest pain, and nausea.9
Endoscopic Biopsy Demonstrating High-Grade Dysplasia in Barrett’s Esophagus
Published in Savio George Barreto, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Dilemmas in Abdominal Surgery, 2020
Barrett’s esophagus is present when the normal distal esophageal squamous mucosa is replaced by a metaplastic columnar mucosa containing goblet cells (intestinal metaplasia). This is visible at esophagoscopy by the characteristic “salmon-pink” appearance and confirmed by mucosal biopsy. It is identified at endoscopy performed to investigate suspected gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in approximately 10% of individuals and is present in 1–2% of all adults in many Western countries. Barrett’s esophagus is a significant issue as it is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Esophageal cancer can be of two subtypes (squamous and adenocarcinoma), with squamous cell cancer more common in Asia and many parts of the world. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is an increasingly important problem, mainly in Western developed countries, where its incidence has increased more than six-fold over the last four decades. It now accounts for 70–80% of esophageal cancers diagnosed in Australia, UK, and the United States. Barrett’s esophagus is the identifiable intermediate step in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Gastric cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Jacob S Ecanow, Richard M Gore
Gastric cancer is currently estimated to be the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with the highest incidence and mortality seen in less-developed countries (1,6). Gastric adenocarcinomas encompass two clinicopathologic subtypes, cardia (proximal) and non-cardia (distal) (Figure 10.1), and four molecular subtypes that differ in pathological and clinical features and which have differing aetiologies and risk factors (2,3). The cardia-associated subtype comprises a larger proportion of gastric cancer cases in the more economically developed countries of the West (7,8). This type is associated with long-standing gastroesophageal reflux, obesity, and tobacco use and has shown a stable or increased incidence in affected populations (1). The distal subtype is associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, dietary factors, tobacco use, and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and has decreased in incidence over time (1). In general, tumours that arise in the distal stomach or antrum have a better prognosis than proximal tumours (9).
Current status and advances in esophageal drug delivery technology: influence of physiological, pathophysiological and pharmaceutical factors
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ai Wei Lim, Nicholas J. Talley, Marjorie M. Walker, Gert Storm, Susan Hua
Diseases affecting the esophagus are common. These include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), achalasia, infections, eosinophilic esophagus (EoE), Barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal cancer. These disease states correspond with alteration in the physiology of the organ, with some sharing similar symptomatic and clinical presentations but vary significantly in their etiology and therapeutic management. These pathologies include neuromuscular dysfunction, inflammation, infection, and neoplasms of the esophagus. Owing to the anatomy and physiology of the esophagus, targeted drug delivery to this organ is a significant challenge, as it serves as an effective barrier against the external environment. Current pharmacological treatment for esophageal diseases predominantly relies on the off-label use of drugs in various dosage forms, including those for systemic drug delivery (e.g. oral tablets, sublingual tablets, and injections) and topical drug delivery (e.g. metered dose inhaler, viscous solution or suspension, and endoscopic injection into the esophagus). In general, systemic therapy has shown the most efficacy but requires the use of high drug doses to achieve effective concentrations in the esophagus, as the local blood supply to this organ is relatively poor (Zhang et al., 2008). This mode of delivery significantly increases the risk of adverse effects and toxicity in non-target organs, especially at the high doses and/or long-term dosing regimens required.
The effect of a prolonged and demanding vocal activity (Divya Prabhandam recitation) on subjective and objective measures of voice among Indian Hindu priests
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2022
S. Y. Aishwarya, S. V. Narasimhan
Hindu priests reciting Divya Prabhandam also follow certain lifestyle practices that may help in maintaining good vocal health including usage of soothing agents (such as Milk and pepper, Milk and turmeric) (Ramani, Kumar Balasubramanium, & Gunjawate, 2019), and daily intake of basil leaves soaked in water. They also generally have no habit of smoking, limited caffeine and no alcohol intake that can cause drying and irritation of the throat and cause an excessive build-up of mucous. They also have a healthy vegetarian diet (with less spicy food) that helps in avoiding gastroesophageal reflux. Therefore, both the acoustic characteristics of the temple as well as the lifestyle of the Hindu priests reciting Divya Prabhandam might help them in maintaining normal healthy voice even after performing a prolonged vocal demanding task for two hours on daily basis.
Age-specific incidence, treatment, and survival trends in esophageal cancer: a Dutch population-based cohort study
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Ali Al-Kaabi, Nikolaj S. Baranov, Rachel S. van der Post, Erik J. Schoon, Camiel Rosman, Hanneke W. M. van Laarhoven, Marcel Verheij, Rob H. A. Verhoeven, Peter D. Siersema
As with other gastro-intestinal cancers, the emerging trend of EAC in young adults may be explained by the growing unhealthy dietary and lifestyle patterns associated with central obesity, reduced physical activity, and other metabolic changes [20]. In fact, excessive body weight and associated gastroesophageal reflux disease are major risk factors for the development of Barrett’s esophagus, a well-known precursor of EAC [20]. Other factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption, commonly associated with ESCC, are additional contributors to the development of EAC [13,20]. Interestingly, the incidence of ESCC was found to have declined in adults <50 years, but rather increased in females 50–74 years. This latter trend may be explained historically by the high smoking prevalence in females in the Netherlands since the 1960s before starting to drop in the late 1970s, while showing a steady decrease in males from the early 1960s [21,22]. Delayed smoking cessation patterns have recently also been associated with an increased incidence of lung cancer in females aged 50–54 years compared to a declining trend in males [23,24].