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Valvular Heart Disease and Heart Failure
Published in Andreas P. Kalogeropoulos, Hal A. Skopicki, Javed Butler, Heart Failure, 2023
Kali Polytarchou, Constantina Aggeli
On echocardiography, leaflet morphology may reveal the etiology of TR. Right-sided volume overload causes dilation of the RV and RA and diastolic flattening (“D-shape”) of the interventricular septum. Table 14.8 summarizes the classification of TR severity. In severe TR, there is a large regurgitant jet, large coaptation defect or flail valve, and marked tethering of the leaflets (Figure 14.12). In patients with very severe tricuspid annulus dilation and massive TR, equalization of RV and RA pressures renders estimation of SPAP using the TR regurgitant jet inaccurate. With 3-D echo, the tricuspid valve appears to be circular due to dilation of the annulus. RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume and TR regurgitant volume can be estimated with accuracy comparable to that of cardiac MRI (Table 14.8). Stress echocardiography may have a role for secondary TR, as exercise-induced increase in SPAP >60 mmHg is associated with adverse prognosis. (In contrast, increase in SPAP >30 mmHg for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension is associated with improved outcome, indicating presence of RV contractile reserve). On cardiac catheterization, increased RV end-diastolic pressure and high C-V waves with blunt X and deep Y waves in RV pressure waveform are typical for severe TR.
Cardiac Hypertrophy, Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
There are five recognised forms of cardiomyopathy (seeFig. 5.14). The most common clinical pattern is DCM (Fig. 5.15). This is predominantly a failure of systolic contraction leading to an increase in left ventricular end-systolic volume, and a decline in ejection fraction. The left ventricular cavity increases in size with a decrease in wall thickness to produce a globular heart. In HCM, systolic contraction is forceful but uncoordinated, and there is abnormal diastolic relaxation making the ventricle difficult to fill. The result is a thick-walled left ventricle with a small cavity (Fig. 5.16). In restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), the abnormality is entirely in diastole. The ventricle fails to relax, necessitating very high left atrial pressures to achieve filling. The left ventricle looks normal with a normal cavity proportion, but the left atrium is dilated (Figs. 5.17, 5.18). In obliterative cardiomyopathy (OBCM), endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF), thrombosis and fibrosis obliterate the cavities of one or both ventricles (Fig. 5.19). In ACM the right ventricle is dilated, with transmural fat infiltration (Fig. 5.20) but biventricular involvement is now more frequently reported as discussed later.
Right Ventricle
Published in Takahiro Shiota, 3D Echocardiography, 2020
There were significant differences in RV end-diastolic volume (EDV) between men and women (129 ± 25 vs. 102 ± 33 mL, P < .01).16,17 However, adjusting to lean body mass (but not the body surface area or height) eliminated this difference (2.1 ± 0.5 vs. 2.2 ± 0.4 mL/kg, P = not significant).17 Normal upper limit values are for men 87 mL/m2 for EDV and 44 mL/m2 for end-systolic volume (ESV) and for women 74 mL/m2 for EDV and 36 mL/m2 for ESV.4
Resveratrol Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Rats through Anti-Ferroptosis via the Sirt1/Nrf2 Pathway
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2023
Youcheng Zeng, Guodong Cao, Liang Lin, Yixin Zhang, Xiqing Luo, Xiaoyu Ma, Akelibieke Aiyisake, Qinghong Cheng
Cardiac function assessment of each rat group was completed using echocardiography. The rats were anesthetized at the 24th hour after CLP, and cardiac ultrasonography was performed immediately after skin preparation. To take M-mode echocardiographic measurements, an ultrasound machine (PHILIPS EPIQ7C, USA) with a 15-MHz transducer probe was employed. The left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV), as well as the left ventricular internal dimension diastole (LVIDd) and systole (LVIDs) were measured. Additionally, the following algorithms were used to compute the markers of left ventricular systolic function, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular shortening fraction (LVFS):
Banxia-Houpu decoction diminishes iron toxicity damage in heart induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Ji-Xian Song, Ya-Shuo Zhao, Ya-Qin Zhen, Xin-Yue Yang, Qi Chen, Ji-Ren An, En-Sheng Ji
Echocardiographic analysis was performed to evaluate cardiac function using a high-resolution ultrasound imaging system with MS-250 probe (Vevo 2100, Visualsonics Inc., Toronto, Canada). First, the mice were anaesthetized with 2.5% isoflurane in a gas mixture of 5% CO2 and 95% O2. Then, the chest hair was removed with a depilatory cream. All of these measurements were performed in a blinded manner, and the methods here reference our previous study (Zhao et al. 2019). The ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) were measured using M-mode recording of the short-axis view. The maximum velocity of the mitral valve (MV) in early diastole and systole was evaluated using four-chamber echocardiography. The ratio of MV E/A was applied to reflect the changes in cardiac function.
Impact of objective nutritional indexes on 1-year mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a prospective observational cohort study
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2021
Mehmet Kucukosmanoglu, Salih Kilic, Orsan Deniz Urgun, Seyda Sahin, Arafat Yildirim, Omer Sen, İbrahim Halil Kurt
The baseline characteristics of the patients are summarised in Table 2. Compared with mortality group mean weight and BMI were higher and height were lower in non-mortality group. The laboratory parameters of the two groups were summarised in Table 3. The mean total cholesterol level in the non-mortality group was significantly higher than that in the mortality group. In addition, the mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level in the non-mortality group was higher than that in the mortality group, although this was not statistically significant. The mean end-diastolic left ventricular volume was significantly higher in the mortality group as compared with that in the non-mortality group, but end-systolic volume and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were similar between the groups.