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The electrocardiogram in ischaemic heart disease
Published in John Edward Boland, David W. M. Muller, Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Catheterisation, 2019
Geoffrey S. Oldfield, Dennis L. Kuchar
Einthoven’s triangle (Figure 19.4a) is derived from leads placed on the right and left wrists and the left ankle. The standard ECG is made up of 12 leads: Three standard bipolar leads I, II and III derived from Einthoven’s equilateral triangle, plus three augmented extremity leads, which are uni-polar leads and are prefixed with the letter “a”, plus six chest “V” leads.
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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Einthoven, Willem (1860–1927) Dutch physiologist and professor of physics in Leiden, who simplified measuring time-related electrical changes in tissues with his invention of the string galvanometer in 1903. It was later developed into the electrocardiograph. He also presented the first field hypothesis of clinical significance in papers in 1912 and 1913, later becoming known as the Einthoven triangle hypothesis. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1924.
Designing a Low-Cost ECG Sensor and Monitor: Practical Considerations and Measures
Published in Daniel Tze Huei Lai, Rezaul Begg, Marimuthu Palaniswami, Healthcare Sensor Networks, 2016
Ahsan H. Khandoker, Brian A. Walker
Einthoven used what are known as standard bipolar limb leads I, II and III as shown in Figure 13.5 (J. Lee 2000), with the electrodes placed at the extremities of the human body. A lead is defined as a stretch between two limb electrodes. The positioning of the electrodes formed what is known as Einthoven’s triangle (Pipberger 1965). Each of the leads records the electrical heart activity along a particular axis on the frontal plane (Klabunde 2005). One-lead ECGs cannot perform much in the way of diagnosis as the information obtained will be along only one axis of the frontal plane. However, because lead II lies close to the cardiac axis, it is the most useful lead for the detection of cardiac arrhythmias and provides for the best analysis of P and R waves (J. Lee 2000).
Associations of common genetic risk variants of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 with cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2023
Alexander Refisch, Shoko Komatsuzaki, Martin Ungelenk, Ha-Yeun Chung, Andy Schumann, Susann S. Schilling, Wibke Jantzen, Sabine Schröder, Thomas W. Mühleisen, Markus M. Nöthen, Christian A. Hübner, Karl-Jürgen Bär
Examinations were performed between 1 and 6 p.m. in a quiet room which was kept comfortably warm (22–24 °C). Subjects were asked to relax, breathe regularly and move as little as possible. We used the MP150 system (BIOPAC Systems Inc, Goleta, CA, USA) for recording of physiological signals at 1000 Hz sampling frequency for 30 minutes. The ECG was acquired arranging three electrodes on the chest according to an adjusted Einthoven triangle. ECG signals were band-pass filtered between 0.05 and 35 Hz. Automatically detected RR-interval time series were afterwards checked manually for ectopic beats or artefacts that were replaced using linear interpolation (Lippman et al. 1994).